ABSTRACT
FAUNA OF VIETNAM, 31
Nematode parasites in Human and Animals (Orders: Trichocephalida, Rhabditida, Strongylida)
INTRODUCTION
Phylum Nematoda contains a large number of parasites which are harmful to humans and animals. It is important to study parasitic nematodes taxonomically in order to prevent diseases that are caused by them. In Vietnam, about 500 nematode species have been recorded as parasites of vertebrates, especially of animals and humans. However, information on the nematodes in invertebrates are sill lacking in Vietnam.
In this study, parasitic nematode fauna in animals and humans in Vietnam is divided into two chapters. The first chapter (Chapter 31) introduces 242 species belonging to three orders: Trichopcephalida, Rhabditida, Strongylida. The second chapter will introduce three more orders: Ascaridida, Camallalida, Spirurida. In Vietnam, previously some nematode parasite species have been reported without sufficient information to determine whether they are really present in Vietnam. Those insufficiently described nematode parasites are excluded in this report.
Nematode classification established by Russian scientists was the first classification system used in Vietnam, with Skrijabin as the first visiting academician from the Russian Academy of Science. Later, Phan The Viet, Nguyen Thi Ky and Nguyen Thi Le published a book “Helminthes in Animals of Vietnam” (1977), in which 391 nematode species in humans and vertebrates (classes Aves and Mammalia) were described. According to the classification and taxonomy in this book, nematode parasites in humans and animals in Vietnam are belonging to two subclasses and four orders, Dioctophymida, Trichocephalida, spirurida and Rhabditida. This classification have been defined, recognized, and used globally by famous parasitologists like Skrijabin (1964-1967), Yamaguti (1961), Drozdz (1965- 1967) and Sonin (1966-1968).
In 1995-1996, classification of nematode parasites by Malakhov (1986) was used by Nguyen Thi Le, Pham Van Luc, Ha Duy Ngo, Nguyen Van Due and Nguyen Thi Minh (1996). Based on morphology, embryogenesis and biology, Malakhov divided class Nematoda into three subclasses with 19 orders. According to his classification, nematode parasites in humans and animals of Vietnam belonged to seven orders: Dioctophymida, Trichocephalida, Rhabditida, Strongylida, Oxyurida, Ascadida and Spirurida.
More recently, the nematode classification of Maggenti (1991, 2002) has been used by Nguyen Ngoc Chau (2003) and Nguyen Vu Thanh (2005) to identify nematodes in plants and free-living nematodes. This classification has been recognized and used by many scientists. Maggenti used a new method, i.e. evolutionary relationships, to determine his classification scheme. However, he only focussed on nematodes of plants and free-living nematode species and did not pay much attention to parasitic nematodes of vertebrates.
From 2002 to the present, nematodes in humans and animals in Vietnam are identified to belong to six orders: Trichocephalida, Ascaridida, Camallanida, Rhabditida, Spirurida and Strongylida. Order Oxyurida is currently classified in order Rhabditida.
To systematize all of the nematode parasites in animals and humans in Vietnam, we used Maggenti (1991) for the high-level taxa (subclassa and order) and the global database (ITS-Nematode Classification/2000) for the lower taxa (superfamily, family, and genus). According to Maggenti (1992), order Oxyurida is placed in order Rhabditida.
PHYLUM NEMATODA POTTS, 1932
CLASS ADENOPHOREA (LINSTOW, 1905) DOUGERTY, 1958
ORDER TRICHOCEPHALIDA (SKRJABIN & SCHULZ, 1928) SPASSKY, 1954
SUPERFAMILY TRICHURIOIDEA RAILLIET, 1915
FAMILY TRICHURIDAE RAILLIET, 1915
Genus Trichuris Roederer, 1761
1. Trichuris trichiura (Linnaeus, 1771)
2. Trichuris alcocki (Linstow, 1906)
3. Trichuris discolor (Linstow, 1906)
4. Trichuris georgicus (Rodonaja, 1950)
5. Trichuris globulosa (Linstow, 1901)
6. Trichuris indica Sarwar, 1946
7. Trichuris infundibulus (Linstow, 1906)
8. Trichuris lani (Artjuch, 1948)
9. Trichuris leporis (Froelich, 1789)
10. Trichuris megaloon Gedoelst, 1917
11. Trichuris muris (Schrank, 1788)
12. Trichuris ovis (Abildgaard, 1795)
13. Trichuris presbyticus (Oschmarin & Demshin, 1972)
14. Trichuris skrjabini Baskakov, 1924
15. Trichuris suis (Schrank, 1788)
16. Trichuris vulpis (Froelich, 1789)
FAMILY CAPILLARIIDAE NEVEU-LEMAIRE, 1936
Genus Capillaria Zeder, 1800
17. Capiliaria obsignata Madsen, 1945
18. Capillaria americana Read, 1949
19. Capillaria anseris Madsen, 1945
20. Capillaria bilobata Bhalerao, 1933
21. Capillaria bursata (Freitas & Almeida, 1934)
22. Capillaria caudinflata (Molin, 1858)
23. Capillaria corvorum (Rudolphi, 1819)
24. Capillaria cutanea (Swift, Boots & Miller, 1922)
25. Capillaria falconis (Goeze, 1782) Lopez-Neyra, 1947
26. Capillaria inflexa (Rudolphi, 1819) Travassos, 1915
27. Capillaria murinae Travassos, 1914
28. Capillaria ovopunctata (Linstow, 1873) Travassos, 1915
29. Capillaria rhinolophi Meszaros, 1937
30. Capillaria speciosa (Beneden, 1873) Travassos, 1915
31. Capillaria vietnamensis Meszaros, 1973
Genus Eucoleus Dujardin, 1845
32. Eucoleus annulatus (Molin, 1858) Lopez-Neyra, 1946
33. Eucoleus corvicola Wassilkowa, 1930
34. Eucoleus laricola Wassilkowa, 1930
35. Eucoleus trilobus (Linstow, 1875)
Genus Hepaticola Hall, 1916
36. Hepaticola hepatica (Bancroft, 1893) Hall, 1916
Genus Thominx Dujardin, 1845
37. Thominx anatis (Schrank, 1790) Skijabin & Schikhobalova, 1954
38. Thominx collaris (Linstow, 1873) Skijabin & Schikhobalova, 1954
39. Thominx confusa (Freitas & Almeida, 1933) Skrjabin & Schikhobalova, 1954
40. Thominx contorta (Creplin, 1839) Skrjabin & Schikhobalova, 1954
FAMILY TRICHINELLIDAE WARD, 1970
Genus Trichinella Railliet, 1895
41. Trichinella spiralis (Owen, 1835)
FAMILY TRICHOSOMOIDIDAE YORKE & MAPLESTONE, 1926
Genus Trichosomoides Railliet, 1895
42. Trichosomoides crassicauda (Bellingham, 1840)
CLASS SECERNENTEA (LINSTOW, 1905) DOUGERTY, 1958
ORDER RHABDITIDA OERLEY, 1880
SUPPERFAMILY RHABDITOIDEA CHITWOOD, 1933
FAMILY RHABDIASIDAE RAILLIET 1915
Genus Rhabdias Stiles & Hassal, 1905
43. Rhabdias fuscovenosus (Railliet, 1899)
44. Rhabdias bufonis (Schrank, 1788)
45. Rhabdias elaphae Sharpillo, 1976
46. Rhabdias kurilensis Sharpillo, 1976
Genus Ophyorhabdias Yamaguti, 1943
47. Ophyorhabdias horiguti (Yamaguti, 1943) Sharpilo, 1976
FAMILY STRONGYLOIDIDAE CHITWOOD & MCINSTOSCH, 1934
Genus Strongyloides Grassi, 1879
48. Strongyloides darevskyi Sharpilo, 1976
49. Strongyloides mizai Singh, 1954
50. Strongyloides stercolaris (Bavay, 1876)
51. Strongyloides papillosus (Wedl, 1856)
52. Strongyloides ransoni Schwartz & Alicata, 1930
53. Strongyloides ratti Sandground, 1925
54. Strongyloides westri Ihle, 1918
SUPERFAMILY ATRACTOIDAE SKRJABIN & SCHIKHOBALOVA, 1951
FAMILY CRUZIIDAE TRAVASSOS, 1917
Genus Pseudocruzia Wolfgang, 1955
55. Pseudocruzia orientalis (Mapleston, 1930)
SUPERFAMILY COSMOCERCOIDEA SKRJABIN & SCHKHOB ALOVA, 1951
FAMILY COSMOCERCIDAE TRAVASSOS, 1925
Subfamily Cosmocercinae Railliet & Henry, 1916
Genus Cosmocerca Diesing, 1861
56. Cosmocerca japonica Yamaguti, 1938
57. Cosmocerca ornata (Dujardin, 1845) Ralliet & Henry, 1916
Subfamily Aplectaninae Skrjabin, Schikhobalova & Lagodovskaja, 1961
Genus Aplectana Railliet & Henry, 1916
58. Aplectana asiatica Gupta, 1960
59. Aplectana macintoshii (Stewart, 1914) Travassos, 1931
SUPERFAMILY HETERAKIDOIDEA CHABAUD, 1957
FAMILY HETERAKIDIDAE RAILLIET & HENRY, 1914
Subfamily Heterakinae Railliet & Henry, 1914
Genus Heterakis Dujardin, 1845
60. Heterakis gallinarum (Schrank, 1788)
61. Heterakis beramporia Lane, 1914
62. Heterakis lophurae Phan, 1969-1970
63. Heterakis pavonis Maplestone, 1932
64. Heterakis yamadori Yamaguti, 1941
65. Heterakis variabitis Chandler, 1926
66. Heterakis vulvolabiata Chandler, 1926
Genus Ganguleterakis Lane, 1914
67. Ganguleterakis spumosa (Schneider, 1866)
68. Ganguleterakis brevispiculum (Gendre, 1911)
69. Ganguleterakis dispar (Schrank, 1790)
70. Ganguleterakis isolonche (Linstow, 1906)
71. Ganguleterakis tenuicauda (Linstow, 1883)
Genus Gireterakis Lane, 1917
72. Gireterakis girardi Lane, 1917
Subfamily Meteterakinae Inglis, 1957
Genus Meteterakis Karve, 1930
73. Meteterakis cophotis (Baylis, 1935) Freitas, 1956
74. Meteterakis mabuyae (Chakravarty, 1944) Inglis, 1954
75. Meteterakis longispiculata (Baylis, 1929) Inglis, 1957
76. Meteterakis japonica (Wilkie, 1930)
77. Meteterakis striatus Oschmarin & Demshin, 1972
78. Meteterakis varani (Maplestone, 1931) Skrjabin, Schikhobalova & Lagodovskaja, 1961
Genus Pseudaspidodera Baylis & Daubney, 1922
79. Pseudaspidodera pavonis Baylis & Daubney, 1922
FAMILY KATHLANIIDAE LANE, 1914
Subfamily Spironourinae Yamaguti, 1961
Genus Spironoura Leidy, 1856
80. Spironoura babei Ha Ky, 1971
81. Spironoura chelydrae (Harwood, 1932) Mackin, 1936
82. Spironoura japonensis Yamaguti, 1935
83. Spironoura kaverii Karve & Naik, 1951
84. Spironoura longyspiculea (Walton, 1927)
FAMILY STRONGYLURIDAE FREITAS, 1956
Subfamily Strongylurinae Freitas, 1956
Genus Strongyluris Müller, 1894
85. Strongyluris calotis Baylis & Daubney, 1923
86. Strongyluris paronai (Stossich, 1902)
SUPERFAMILY HYSTRIGNATHOIDEA KLOSS, 1960
FAMILY CHITWOODIELLIDAE KLOSS, 1960
Subfamily Chitwoodiellinae Kloss, 1960
Genus Chitwoodiella Basir, 1948
87. Chitwoodiella ovofilamenta Basil, 1948
88. Chitwoodiella thapari Travassos, 1953
Genus Singhiella Rao, 1958
89. Singhiella singhi Rao, 1958
Subfamily Mirzaiellinae Kloss, 1960
Genus Mirzaiella Basir, 1942
90. Mirzaiella asiatica Basir, 1942
FAMILY PULCHROCEPHALIDAE KLOSS, 1960
Subfamily Pulchrocephalinae Kloss, 1960
Genus Indiana (Chakravarty, 1943) Inglis, 1954
91. Indiana coimbatoriensis Latheef & Seshadri, 1972
Genus Pteronemella Rao, 1958
92. Pteronemella macropapilata Rao, 1958
SUPERFAMILY OXYURIOIDEA RAILLIET, 1916
FAMILY OXYURIDAE COBBOLD, 1864
Genus Oxyuris Rudolphi, 1803
93. Oxyuris equi (Schrank, 1788)
Genus Enterobius Leach, 1853
Subgenus Enterobius (Enterobius) (Leach, 1853)
94. Enteroblus (E.) vermicularis (Linnaeus, 1758)
95. Enterobius (E.) bipappillatus (Gedoelst, 1916)
Subgenus Enterobius (Trypanoxyuris) (Vevers, 1923)
96. Enterobius (T.) nycticebi Baylis, 1928
FAMILY HETEROXYNEMATIDAE SRJABIN & SCHIKHOBALOVA, 1948
Subfamily Aspiculurinae Skrjabin & Schikhobalova, 1950
Genus Aspiculuris Schulz, 1924
97. Aspiculuris tetraptera (Nitzch, 1821)
FAMILY PHARYNGODONIDAE TRAVASSOS, 1919
Genus Pharyngodon Diesing, 1861
98. Pharyngodon duci Tran, Bursey & Goldberg, 2009
Genus Thelandros Wedl, 1862
99. Thelandros vietnamensis Bui, Bursey & Goldberg, 2007
Genus Spauligodon Skrjabin, Schikhobalova & Lagodovskaja, 1960
100. Spauligodon azerbajdzanicus Sharpilo, 1974
101. Spauligodon vietnamensis Tran, Bursey & Goldberg, 2007
Genus Hakynema Moravec & Sey, 1988
102. Hakynema vietnamensis Moravec & Sey, 1988
FAMILY SYPHACIDAE SKRJABIN & SCHIKHOBALOVA, 1951
Subfamily Syphaciinae Railliet, 1916
Genus Syphacia Seurat, 1916
Subgenus Syphacia (Syphacia) Seurat, 1916
103. Syphacia (S.) obvelata (Rudolphi, 1802) Seurat, 1916
104. Syphacia (S.) sciuri Mhza & Singh, 1934
105. Syphacia species Ablasov, 1956 Genus Citellina Prendel, 1928
106. Citellina levini Li, 1933
Genus Skrjabinema Werestschagin, 1926
107. Skrjabinema ovis (Skrjabin, 1915)
SUPERFAMILY SUBULUROIDEA TRAVASSOS, 1930
FAMILY SUBULURIDAE YORKE & MAPLESTONE, 1926
Genus Subulura Molin, 1860
108. Subulura distans (Rudolphi, 1809)
109. Subulura forcipata (Rudolphi, 1819)
110. Subulura hatinhensis Phan, 1969-1970
111. Subulura minetti Bhalerao, 1941
112. Subulura noctuae (Seurat, 1914)
113. Subulura rimula (Linstow, 1903)
114. Subulura suctoria (Molin, 1860)
115. Subulura trogoni Barretto, 1918
116. Subulura turnicis Maplestone, 1931
SUPERFAMILY THELASTOMATOIDEA (SANCHEZ, 1947) KLOSS, 1960
FAMILY THELASTOMATIDAE (TRAVASSOS, 1929) CHITWOOD & CHITWOOD, 1933
Subfamily Thelastomatinae (Travassos, 1929 Chitwood & Chitwood, 1933)
Genus Severianoia Schwenk, 1926
117. Severianoia annamensis Pham & Spiridonov, 1993
Subfamily Binematinae Skrjabin & Schikhobalova, 1951
Genus Binema Travassos, 1925
118. Binema mirzaia (Basir, 1940) Basir, 1956
119. Binema korsakowi (Sergiev, 1923) Basir, 1956
120. Binema omata Travassos, 1925
Subfamily Cameroniinae Kloss, 1959
Genus Cameronia Basir, 1948
121. Cameronia multiovata Leibersperger, 1960
Genus Gryllophila Basir, 1942
122. Gryllophila skrjabini (Basir, 1956) Adamson & Waerebeke, 1992
ORDER STRONGYLIDA RAILLIET & HENRY, 1913
SUPERFAMILY STRONGYLOIDEA WEINLAND, 1858
FAMILY STRONGYLIDAE BAIRD, 1853
Subfamily Strongylinae Railliet, 1893
Genus Strongylus Müller, 1780
123. Strongylus equinus Müller, 1780
Genus Alfortla (Railliet, 1932)
124. Alfortia edentatus (Looss, 1900)
Genus Decrusia Lane, 1914
125. Decrusia additictus (Railliet, Henry & Bauhe, 1914)
Genus Delafondia (Railliet, 1923)
126. Delafondia vulgaris (Looss, 1900)
Genus Equinurbia Lane, 1914
127. Equinurbia sipunculiformis (Baird, 1951)
Genus Triodontophorus Looss, 1902
128. Triodontophorus serratus (Looss, 1900)
Subfamily Globocephalinae Travassos & Vogelsang, 1932
Genus Globocephalus Molin, 1861
129. Globocephalus longemucronatus Molin, 1861
130. Globocephalus gigantospiculus Nguyen, 1978
131. Globocephalus urosubulatus (Alessandrini, 1909)
Genus Characostomum Railliet, 1902
132. Characostomum asmilium Railliet, Henry & Joyeux, 1913
Genus Raillietostrongylus Lane, 1923
133. Raillietostrongylus samoensis (Lane, 1922)
Subfamily Ransominae Travassos & Vogelsang, 1932
Genus Choniangium Raillet, Henry & Bauche, 1914
134. Choniangium epistomum (Piana & Stazzi, 1900)
FAMILY SYNGAMIDAE LEIPER, 1912
Subfamily Syngaminae Baylis & Daubney, 1926
Genus Syngamus Siebold, 1836
135. Syngamus trachea (Montagu, 1811)
Genus Mammomonogamus Ryjikov, 1949
136. Mammomonogamus laryngeus (Railliet, 1899)
FAMILY STEPHANURIDAE TRAVASSOS & VOGELSANG, 1933
Genus Stephanurus Diesing, 1839
137. Stephanurus dentatus Diesing, 1839
FAMILY TRICHONEMATIDAE WITENBERG, 1925
Subfamily Trichonematinae Railliet, 1916
Genus Trichonema Cobbold, 1874
138. Trichonema longibursatetum (Yorke & Macfie, 1918)
139. Trichonema catinatum Looss, 1900 Genus Amira Lane, 1914
140. Amira pileata (Railliet, Henry & Bauche, 1914)
Genus Bourgelatia Railliet, Henry & Bauche, 1919
141. Bourgelatia diducta Railliet, Henry & Bauche, 1919
Genus Cylicocyclus (Inle, 1922)
142. Cylicocyclus nassatum (Looss, 1900)
Subfamily Murshidiinae Witenberg, 1925
Genus Murshidia Lane, 1914
143. Murshidia falcifera (Cobbold, 1882) Lane, 1915
144. Murshidia linstowi (Linstow, 1907) Khalil, 1922
Genus Quilonia Lane, 1914
145. Quilonia renniei (Railliet & Joyeux, 1913)
Subfamily Oesophagostomatinae Railliet, 1916
Genus Oesophagostomum Molin, 1861
Subgenus Oesophagostomum (Oesophagostomum) (Molin, 1861)
146. Oesophagostomum (O.) dentatum (Rudolphi, 1803)
147. Oesophagostomum (O.) brevicaudatum Schwartz & Alicata, 1930
148. Oesophagostomum (O.)longicaudum Goodey, 1925
Subgenus Oesophagostomum (Bosicola) (Sandground, 1929)
149. Oesophagostomum (B.) radiatum (Rudolphi, 1803)
150. Oesophagostomum (B.) curvatum Maplestone, 1931
151. Oesophagostomum (B.) sikae Cameron & Parnell, 1933
Subgenus Oesophagostomum (Conoweberia) Ihle, 1922
152. Oesophagostomum (C.) blanchardi Railliet & Henry, 1912
153. Oesophagostomum (C.) aculeatum (Linstow, 1879)
154. Oesophagostomum (C.) bifurcum (Creplin, 1849)
155. Oesophagostomum (C.) brumpti (Railliet & Henry, 1905)
156. Oesophagostomum (C.) ovatum (Linstow, 1906)
157. Oesophagostomum (C.) tridentatum Mapleston, 1932
Subgenus Oesophagostomum (Hysteracrum) Railliet & Henry, 1913
158. Oesophagostomum (H.) venulosum (Rudolphi, 1809)
159. Oesophagostomum (H.) asperum Railliet & Henry, 1913
160. Oesophagostomum (H.) cervi Mertz, 1948
Subgenus Oesophagostomum (Proteracrum) Railliet & Henry, 1913
161. Oesophagostomum (P.) columbianum (Curtice, 1890)
162. Oesophagostomum traguli (Maplestone, 1932)
Genus Bourgelatioides Chandler, 1931
163. Bourgelatioides traguli Chandler, 1931
Genus Ternidens Railliet & Henry, 1909
164. Ternidens deminutus (Railliet & Henry, 1905)
SUPERFAMILY ANCYLOSTOMATOIDEA LOOSS, 1905
FAMILY ANCYLOSTOMATIDAE LOOSS, 1905
Subfamily Ancylostomatinae Looss, 1911
Genus Ancylostoma (Dubini, 1843)
165. Ancylostoma duodenale (Dubini, 1893)
166. Ancylostoma braziliense Faria, 1910
167. Ancylostoma caninum (Ercolani, 1859)
168. Ancylostoma gilsoni Gedoelst, 1917
169. Ancylostoma malayanum (Alessandrini, 1905)
Genus Agriostomum Railliet, 1902
170. Agriostomum vryburgi Railliet, 1902
Genus Cyclodontostomum Adams, 1933
171. Cyclodontostomum purvisi Adams, 1933
Subfamily Bunostomatinae Looss, 1911
Genus Bunostomum Railliet, 1902
172. Bunostomum trigonocephalum (Rudolphi, 1808)
173. Bunostomum phlebotomum (Railiet, 1900)
Genus Arthrocephalus Ortlepp, 1925
174. Arthrocephalus gambiensis Ortlepp, 1925
Subfamily Strongylacanthinae Yorke & Maplestone, 1926
Genus Strongylacantha Beneden, 1873
175. Strongylacantha glycirrhiza Beneden, 1873
176. Strongylacantha longycaudata Meszaros, 1973
177. Strongylacantha rhinolophi Yamaguti, 1935
FAMILY UNCINARIIDAE FROELICH, 1789
Genus Uncinaria Froelich, 1789
178. Ucinaria longespiculum Maplestone, 1935
179. Ucinaria longispiculata Sandground, 1933
Genus Necator Stiles, 1903
180. Necator americanus (Stiles, 1902)
SUPERFAMILY DIAPHANOCEPHALIOIDEA TRAVASSOS, 1920
FAMILY DIAPHANOCEPHALIDAE TRAVASSOS, 1920
Genus Kalicephalus (Rudolphi, 1819)
181. Kalicephalus alatospiculus Oschmarin & Demshin, 1972
182. Kalicephalus chungkingensis Hsu, 1934
183. Kalicephalus indicus Ortlepp, 1923
184. Kalicephalus macrovulvus Caballero, 1954
185. Kalicephalus najae Maplestone, 1931
186. Kalicephalus nankingensis Hsu, 1934
187. Kalicephalus natricis Yamaguti, 1935
188. Kalicephalus viperae (Rudolphi, 1819)
Genus Occipitodontus Ortlepp, 1923
189. Occipitodontus fimbriatus Ortlepp, 1923
SUPERFAMILY METASTRONGYLOIDEA LANE, 1917
FAMILY METASTRONGYLIDAE LEIPER, 1908
Genus Metastrongylus Molin, 1861
190. Metastrongylus elongatus (Dujardin, 1846)
191. Metastrongylus pudendotectus Wostokow, 1905
192. Metastrongylus salmi Gedoelst, 1923
FAMILY FILAROIDIDAE SCHULZ, 1951
Genus Angiostrongylus Kamensky, 1905
Subfamily Angiostrongylinae Bohm & Gebauche, 1934
193. Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Chen, 1935)
SUPERFAMILY TRICHOSTRONGYLOIDEA CRAM, 1927
FAMILY TRICHOSTRONGYLIDAE LEIPER, 1912
Subfamily Trichostrongylinae Leiper, 1908
Genus Trichostrongylus Looss, 1905
194. Trichostrongylus axei (Cobbold, 1879)
195. Trichostrongylus colubriformis (Giles, 1892)
196. Trichostrongylus orientalis Jimbo, 1914
197. Trichostrongylus probolurus (Railliet, 1896 )
198. Trichostrongylus tenuis (Mehlis, 1846)
Genus Ostertagia Ransom, 1907
Subgenus Ostertagia (Ostertagia) (Ransom, 1907)
199. Ostertagia (O.) ostertagi (Stiles, 1892)
Genus Rinadia Grigorian, 1951
200. Rinadia andrevae Drozdz, 1965
Genus Spiculopteragia Orloff, 1933
201. Spiculopteragia houdemeri (Schwartz, 1927)
202. Spiculopteragia vietnamica Drozdz, 1965
Subfamily Citellinematinae Skrjabin & Schulz, 1937
Genus Molinostrongylus Skarbilovitsch, 1934
203. Molinostrongylus alatus Ortlepp, 1932
204. Molinostrongylus scotophili Meszaros, 1973
Subfamily Cooperiinae Skrjabin & Schikhobalova, 1952
Genus Cooperia Ransom, 1907
205. Cooperia laterouformis Chen, 1937
206. Cooperia ninhae Drozdz, 1966-1967
207. Cooperia pectinata Ransom, 1907
208. Cooperia punctata (Linstow, 1906)
Subfamily Epomidiostominae Skrjabin & Schulz, 1937
Genus Epomidiostomum Skrjabin, 1915
209. Epomidiostomum anatinum Skrjabin, 1915
Genus Pseudamidostomum Boulenger, 1926
210. Pseudamidostomum boulengeri Maplestone, 1930
Subfamily Haemonchinae Skrabin & Schulz, 1952
Genus Haemonchus Cobb, 1898
211. Haemonchus contortus (Rudolphi, 1803)
212. Haemonchus similis Travassos, 1914
Subfamily Molineinae Skrjabin & Schulz, 1937
Genus Mollneus Cameron, 1923
213. Molineuspatens Dujardin, 1845
Subfamily Nematodiriinae Skrjabin & Orloff, 1934
Genus Apteragia Jansen, 1958
214. Apteragia janseni Drozdz, 1965 Genus Herpetostrongylus Baylis, 1931
215. Herpetostrongylus varani Baylis, 1931
Genus Mecistocirrus Railliet & Henry, 1912
216. Mecistocirrus digitatus (Linstow, 1906)
Genus Nycteridostrongylus Baylis, 1930
217. Nycteridostrongylus uncicollis Baylis, 1930
Genus Sarwaria Drozdz, 1965
218. Sarwaria bubalis (Sarwar, 1956)
Subfamily Nochtiinae Skrjabin & Schikhobalova, 1952
Genus Nochtla Travassos & Vogelsang, 1929
219. Nochtia nochti Travassos & Vogelsang, 1929
220. Nochtia macacae Oschmarin & Demshin, 1972
221. Nochtia tani Le Van Hoa, 1966
Subfamily Oswaldocruziinae Skrjabin & Schikhobalova, 1952
Genus Oswaldocruzia Travassos, 1937
222. Oswaldocruzia agamae Sandgroud, 1930
223. Oswaldocruzia goezei Skrjabin & Schulz, 1952
224. Oswaldocruzia hoepplii Hsu, 1935
Genus Trichoskrjabinia Travassos, 1937
225. Trichoskrjabinia malayana (Baylis, 1933) Travassos, 1937
Subfamily Ornithostrongylinae Travassos, 1937
Genus Ornithostrongylus Travassos, 1914
226. Ornithostrongylus quadriradiatus (Stevenson, 1904)
FAMILY AMIDOSTOMATIDAE BAYLIS & DAUBNEY, 1926
Genus Amidostomum Railliet & Henry, 1909
227. Amidostomum anseris (Zeder, 1800)
228. Amidostomum acutum (Lundahl, 1848)
229. Amidostomum fulicae (Rudolphi, 1819)
FAMILY DICTYOCAULIDAE SKRJABIN, 1941
Genus Dictyocaulus Raillict & Henry, 1907
Subgenus Dictyocaulus (Dictyocaulus) Railliet & Henry, 1907
230. Dictyocaulus (D.) filaria (Rudolphi, 1809)
231. Dictyocaulus (D.) viviparus (Bloch, 1782)
Subgenus Dictyocaulus (Micrurocaulus) Skrjabin, 1964
232. Dictyocaulus (M.) eckerti Skijabin, 1931
233. Dictyocaulus (M.) khawi Hsu, 1935
FAMILY HELIGMOSOMATIDAE CRAM, 1927
Subfamily Heligmosomatinae Travassos, 1914
Genus Nippostrongylus Lane, 1923
234. Nippostrongylus braziliensis (Travassos, 1914)
Subfamily Longistriatinae Skrjabin & Schulz, 1937
Genus Longistriata (Schulz, 1926) Travassos & Darriba, 1929
Subgenus Longistriata (Longistriata) Schulz, 1926
235. Longistriata (L.) leporis Schulz, 1931
Subgenus Longistriata (Brevispiculeoid.es) Ortlepp, 1939
236. Longistriata (B.) dubia (Travassos, 1921)
237. Longistriata cordicauda Durette - Desset, 1966
238. Longistriata levanhoai Durette - Desset, 1966
Genus Acanthostrongylus Travassos, 1937
239. Acanthostrongylus acanthostrongylus Travassos, 1937
Genus Brevistriata Travassos, 1937
240. Brevistriata skrjabini (Schulz & Lubimov, 1932) Travassos, 1937
241. Brevistriata longipene Durette-Desset & Chabau, 1967
242. Brevistriata sinensis Li, 1941
KEY TO THE NEMATODE
PARASITES OF ANIMALS AND HUMANS IN VIETNAM
PHYLUM NEMATODA POTTS, 1932
Key to classes of phylum Nematoda
| 1a |
Phasmids absent. Hypodermis gland and caudal gland present. Hypermis cells with single nucleus. Short excretory duct, chitirous at portion near excretory duct. Without straight intestinal gland. Male’s tail has not bursa |
Adenophorea |
| b |
Phamids present. Hypodermis gland and caudal gland absent. Hypodermis cells with multinuclear. Long excretory duct, chitirous. Specific straight intestinal gland. Male’s tail has bursa |
Secernentea |
CLASS ADENOPHOREA (LINSTOW, 1905) DOUGERTY, 1958
ORDER TRICHOCEPHALIDA (SKRJABIN & SCHULZ, 1928) SPASSKY, 1954
SUPERFAMILY TRICHURIOIDEA RAILLIET, 1915
Key to families of superfamily Trichurioidea
| 1a |
Male with one spicule and spicular sheath or only spicular sheath |
2 |
| b |
Male without spicule and spicular sheath |
3 |
| 2a |
Anterior region of body filiform and longer than posterior of body |
Trichuridae |
| b |
Anterior portion the body equal or shoter and smaller than the posterior part |
Capillariidae |
| 3a |
Male lives in female’s uterus. Parasite in host’s bladder |
Trichosomoididae |
| b |
Premature nematodes are usually exist in intestine wall of hosts |
Trichinellidae |
FAMILY TRICHURIDAE RAILLIET, 1915
Key to species of genus Trichuris
| 1a |
Parasite in animal of order Artiodactyla |
2 |
| b |
Not parasite in animal of order Artiodactyla |
9 |
| 2a |
Spicule shorter than 2,6 mm |
3 |
| b |
Spicule longer than 2,6 mm |
5 |
| 3a |
Spicule shorter than 1,5 mm |
Trichuris skrjabini |
| b |
Spicule length range 1,5-2,5 mm |
4 |
| 4a |
Parasite in large animal of order Bovidae and Cervidae |
Trichuris discolor |
| b |
Parasite in pig (order Suidae) |
Trichuris suis |
| 5a |
Spicule shorter than 4,6 mm |
6 |
| b |
Spicule longer than 4,6 mm |
8 |
| 6a |
Male longer than 53,0 mm |
Trichuris alkocki |
| b |
Male shorter than 53,0 mm |
7 |
| 7a |
Male length 39,0-51,0 mm. Spicule length range 2,6-4,6 mm |
Trichuris lani |
| b |
Male length 34,0-38,0 mm. Spicule length range 3,4-4,0 mm |
Trichuris indica |
| 8a |
Male shorter than 30,0 mm. Spicule length range 5,5-7,6 mm |
Trichuris ovis |
| b |
Male longer than 30,0 mm. Spicule length range 4,8-5,7 mm |
Trichuris globulosa |
| 9a |
Parasite in some animal of order Carnivora |
10 |
| b |
Parasite in some animal of another order |
11 |
| 10a |
Spicule length range 2,12-2,86 mm |
Trichuris geogicus |
| b |
Spicule length range 0,8-1,0 mm |
Trichuris vulpis |
| 11a |
Parasite in some animal of order Lagomorpha and Rodentia |
13 |
| b |
Parasite in human and mammal of order Primates |
12 |
| 12a |
Spicule length range 2,7-3,9 mm |
Trichuris trichiura |
| b |
Spicule length range 2,0-2,4 mm |
Trichuris presbyticus |
| 13a |
Parasite in rabbit |
Trichuris leporis |
| b |
Parasite in some animal of order Rodentia |
14 |
| 14a |
Parasite in porcupine and Atherurus macrourus |
Trichuris infundibulus |
| b |
Parasite in some rat species of family rat or squirrel |
15 |
| 15a |
Parasite in some rodents of family squirrel |
Trichuris megaloon |
| b |
Parasite in some rat species of family rat |
Trichuris muris |
FAMILY CAPILLARIIDAE NEVEU-LEMAIRE, 1936
Key to genera of family Capillariidae
| 1a |
Spicule absent |
Eucoleus |
| b |
Spicule present |
2 |
| 2a |
spicular sheath without small spines on surface |
Thominx |
| b |
Spicular sheath without small chitirous spines |
3 |
| 3a |
Prasite in host’s enteron. Female with oviparus and eggs release into environment |
Capillaria |
| b |
Parasite in host’s liver. Female with oviparous but eggs is not release into environment |
Hepaticola |
Key to species of genus Capillaria
| 1a |
Parasite in mammals |
2 |
| b |
Parasite in bird and reptile |
7 |
| 2a |
Spicule shorter than 1,00 mm |
3 |
| b |
Spicule longer than 1,00 mm |
4 |
| 3a |
Spicule length range 3,00-3,50 mm. Parasite in bats |
Capillaria speciosa |
| b |
Spicule length range 1,10-1,30 mm |
Capillaria vietnamensis |
| 4a |
Spicule length range 0,19-0,26 mm. |
5 |
| b |
Spicule length range 0,50-0,70 mm |
6 |
| 5a |
Parasite in bats |
Capillaria rhinolophi |
| b |
Parasite in human |
Capillaria cutanae |
| 6a |
Spicule length range 0,21-0,26 mm. Parasite in Rodentia |
Capillaria americana |
| b |
Spicule length range 0,19-0,22 mm. Parasite in Artiodactyla |
Capillaria bilobata |
| 7a |
Male’s tail without wing |
8 |
| b |
Male’s tail with wing |
11 |
| 8a |
Parasite in reptile |
Capillaria murinae |
| b |
Parasite in bird |
9 |
| 9a |
Vulva with large prominent cutin complement |
Capillaria inflexa |
| b |
Vulva without large prominent cutin complement |
10 |
| 10a |
Spicular sheath length range 1,80-3,20 mm |
Capillaria obsignata |
| b |
Spicular sheath length range 0,1mm |
Capillaria corvorum |
| 11a |
Vulva with large prominent cutin complement |
12 |
| b |
Vulva without large prominent cutin complement |
13 |
| 12a |
Vulva has one cuticular prominent |
Capillaria caudinflata |
| b |
Vulva has two cuticular prominents |
Capillaria bursatta |
| 13a |
Spicule length range 0,72-0,86 mm |
Capillaria falconis |
| b |
Spicule length range 0,90-1,00 mm |
Capillaria ovopunctata |
Key to species of genus Eucoleus
| 1a |
With head aneurism. Spicular sheath longer than 0,80 mm. Parasite in birds of order Galliformes |
Eucoleus annulatus |
| b |
Without head aneurism. Spicular sheath shorter than 0,80 mm. Parasite in wildbirds |
2 |
| 2a |
At position of oesophagus end and intestine has two large gland cells |
Eucoleus trilobus |
| b |
At position of oesophagus end and intestine hasn’t two large gland cells |
3 |
| 3a |
Cutin with prominent small papillae. Female’s tail with conical allae |
Eucoleus corvicola |
| b |
Cutin with clear prominent transversal vein. Lip-shaped prominently vulva |
Eucoleus laricola |
Key to species of genus Thominx
| 1a |
Female length is shorter than 10,00 mm. Spicule length is shorter than 0,50 mm |
Thominx confusa |
| b |
Female length is longer than 10,00 mm. spicule length is longer than 0,50 mm |
2 |
| 2a |
Female length is longer than 25,00 mm. Ratetio between anterior and posterior part body of male and female are bigger than 2.0 time |
Thominx contorta |
| b |
Female length is shorter than 25,00 mm. Ratetio between anterior and posterior part body of male and female are smaller than 2.0 time |
3 |
| 3a |
The manubrium of the spicule trumpet shaped. Vula prominent |
Thominx anatis |
| b |
The manubrium of the spicule not enlargement bat thicken. Vula notprominent |
Thominx collaris |
CLASS SECERNENTEA (LINSTOW, 1905) DOUGERTY, 1958
Key to order of class Secernentea
| 1a |
Oesophagus devides two parts: muscular and gland. Some species has oesophagus with small muscular part or without muscular part. Male has two spicules, without bursa and papillae. Female has two uterus or more. Direct life cycle, with intermediate host. Parasite of vertebrate |
2 |
| b |
Oesophagus divided three parts: trunk, neck and bulb. Usually with three or six lips, sometime with two lips or more than six lips. Male has one or two spicules, with or without spicular sheath. Parasite of vertebrate and invertebrate |
4 |
| 2a |
Single nucleus oesophagus gland. No lip or degenerated lip. Without false lip. Oesophagus divides two parts: muscular and gland. Indirect life cycle with crustacean intermediate host. Parasite of vertebrate, special in mammals |
Camallalida |
| b |
Multinuclear oesophageal gland. Without lip or false lip. Long cylindrical oesophagus, swelled at posterior or divided two parts: muscular and gland. Male has two spicules |
3 |
| 3a |
Oesophagus with cylindrical-shaped, sometime swelling at posterior. Three large lips. Two spicules with similar morphology and structure. Vulva at anterior of body. Eggs has embryo with strong thick wall layers. Direct life cycle, indirect life cycle in sometime. Parasite of veterbrate |
Ascaridida |
| b |
Long oesophagus, included two parts: muscular and gland. With false lip or no lip, sometime has dorsal and ventral lip. Two different spicules on measure and structure. Vulva at posterior o f body. Viviparous or Oviparous. Indirect life cycle |
Spirurida |
| 4a |
Without lip or degenerated lip. Oesophagus with a bit swelling at posterior end. Male with caudal bursa and rays. Direct or indirect life cycle. Parasite of in vertebrate |
Strongylida |
| b |
With lip. Oesophagus divided three parts: neck, trunk and bulb. Male without bursate. Direct life cycle or sometime indirect life cycle. Parasite of vertebrate and invertebrate |
Rhabditida |
ORDER RHABDITIDA CHITWOOD, 1933
Key to superfamily of order Rhabditida
| 1a |
Parasite of invertebrate |
7 |
| b |
Parasite in vertebrate |
2 |
| 2a |
Indirect life cycle |
Rhabditoidea |
| b |
Direct life cycle |
3 |
| 3a |
Oesophagus has specific three parts: seperate muscular part with chifirous layers inside; neck part without chitirous layer, corpus part without valve. Male has one or two spicules, or some species has not spicule |
Atractoidea |
| b |
Oesophagus has different structure |
4 |
| 4a |
Without preanus sucker or false sucker |
6 |
| b |
Male has preanus sucker or false sucker |
5 |
| 5a |
Preanus sucker has chitirous brim. Underdeveloped buccal capsule or without buccal capsule, without plate or teeth shaped chitirous structure |
Heterakidoidea |
| b |
Preanus sucker has long oval shaped and without chitirous brim. Clear buccal capsule with teeth structure |
Subuluroidea |
| 6a |
Male has one spicule or spicule absent |
Oxyurioidea |
| b |
Male has two spicules |
Cosmocercoidea |
| 7a |
Male has spicule |
Thelastomatoidea |
| b |
Male has not spicule of well-degenerated spicule |
Hystrignathoidea |
SUPERFAMILY RHABDITOIDEA CHITWOOD, 1933
Key to families of superfamily Rhabditoidea
| 1a |
Unisexual reproduction |
Rhabdiasidae |
| b |
Sexual reproduction |
Strongylulidae |
FAMILY RHABDIASIDAE RAILLIET, 1916
Key to genera of family Rhabdiasidae
| 1a |
Cutin with transverse grooves, without along grooves |
Rhabdias |
| b |
Cutin with along grooves |
Ophiorhabdias |
Key to species of genus Rhabdias
| 1a |
Parasite of frogs and toads |
Rhabdias bufonis |
| b |
Parasite of snakes |
2 |
| 2a |
Female is smaller with vulva at posterior of body |
Rhabdias elaphae |
| b |
Vulva at anterior of body |
3 |
| 3a |
Intestine with light colour |
Rhabdias fuscovenosus |
| b |
Intestine with black or dark colours |
Rhabdias kurilensis |
FAMILY STRONGYLIDAE CHITWOOD & MCINSTOSCH, 1934
Key to species of genus Strongyloides
| 1a |
Parasite of mammals |
3 |
| b |
Parasite of reptile |
2 |
| 2a |
Parasite of trionychid turtles. Female length 2,2 mm |
Strongyloides darevskyi |
| b |
Parasite of varans. Female length range 3,2-4,1 mm |
Strongyloides mizai |
| 3a |
Parasite of humans and dogs |
Strongyloides stercolaris |
| b |
Parasite of ruminants or rodents |
4 |
| 4a |
Parasite of rodents |
Strongyloides ratti |
| b |
Parasite of animals of order Artiodactyla or Perissodactyla |
5 |
| 5a |
Parasite of animals of order Perissodactyla |
Strongyloides westeri |
| b |
Parasite of of animals of order Artiodactyla |
6 |
| 6a |
Mouth without small spine |
Strongyloides papillosus |
| b |
Mouth with small spine |
Strongyloides ransoni |
SUPERFAMILY COSMOCERCOIDEA SKRJABIN & SCHIKHOBALOVA, 1951
FAMILY COSMOCERCIDAE TRAVASSOS, 1925
Key to subfamilies of family Cosmocercidae
| 1a |
On male’s ventral surface has comb-shaped cutin |
Cosmocercinae |
| b |
On male’s ventral surface hasn’t comb-shaped cutin |
Aplectaninae |
Key to species of genus Cosmocerca
| 1a |
Spicule length below 0,08 mm |
Cosmocerca japonica |
| b |
Spicule length upper 0,08 mm |
Cosmocerca ornata |
SUBFAMILY APLECTANINAE SKRJABIN & SCHIKHOBALOVA, LAGODOVSKAJA, 1961
Key to species of genus Aplectana
| 1a |
Cutin with wide-clear transversal line. Spicule length range 0,6-0,7 mm |
Aplectana asiatica |
| b |
Cutin with slender and thiner transversal line. Spicule length range 0,15-0,25mm |
Aplectana macintoshii |
SUPERFAMILY HETERAKOIDEA CHABAUD, 1957
FAMILY HETERAKIDAE RAILLIET & HENRY, 1914
Key to subfamilies of family Heterakidae
| 1a |
Short, stout stick-shaped papillae. With 2-3 papillae pair distributed along proanus, one pair at side. Two equal spicules |
Meteterakinae |
| b |
Longer, slender stick shaped papillae, distributed at proanus posterior. Two equal spicules or two different spicules. Gubemaculum absent |
Heterakinae |
SUBFAMILY HETERAKINAE RAILLIET & HENRY, 1914
Key to genera of subfamily Heterakinae
| 1a |
Stick-shaped papillae, 2-3 pairs at pro-anus. Two equal spicules. Gubemaculum at separate place and only a thinker part of anus |
Gireterakis |
| b |
Stick-shaped papillae at posterior of anus sucker, placed beside. Two equal spicules or different spicules. Gubemaculum absent |
2 |
| 2a |
Two different spicules |
Heterakis |
| b |
Two equal spicules |
Ganguleterakis |
Key to species of genus Heterakis
| 1a |
Two spicules with different morphology |
4 |
| b |
Two spicules has similarly morphology |
2 |
| 2a |
Two spicules are longer than 1,2-1,9 mm |
Heterakis yamadori |
| b |
Two spicules length under 1,2 mm |
3 |
| 3a |
Two spicules length range 0,7-1,2 mm |
Heterakis variabitis |
| b |
Two spicules length range 0,4-0,5 mm |
Heterakis vulvolabiata |
| 4a |
Long spicule with large wing at tip. |
Heterakis lophurae |
| b |
Long spicule without large wing at tip |
5 |
| 5a |
Short spicule with spine at tip |
Heterakis pavonis |
| b |
Short spicule without spine at tip |
6 |
| 6a |
Spicule length range 1,6-2,1 mm |
Heterakis beramporia |
| b |
Long spicule lengh range 0,3-0,4 mm |
Heterakis gallinarum |
Key to species of genus Ganguleterakis
| 1a |
Long point spine 0,21 mm at tip of male’s tail |
Ganguleterakis tenuicauda |
| b |
Without point spine at tip of male’s tail |
2 |
| 2a |
Spicule length upper 0,35 mm |
4 |
| b |
Spicule length below 0,35 mm |
3 |
| 3a |
Parasite of some beasts |
Ganguleterakis spumosa |
| b |
Parasie of some birds and poultry |
Ganguleterakis brevispiculum |
| 4a |
Spicule length range 0,53-0,57 mm |
Ganguleterakis dispar |
| b |
Spicule length range 1,4-1,6 mm |
Ganguleterakis isolonche |
SUBFAMILY METETERAKINAE INGLIS, 1957
Key to genera of subfamily Meteterakinae
| 1a |
Head with hat-shaped structure. Two different spicules in measurement and shape |
Pseudaspidodera |
| b |
Head without hat-shaped structure. Two equal spicules and similar structure |
Meteterakis |
Key to species of genus Meteterakis
| 1a |
Parasite of fish |
Meteterakis japonica |
| b |
Parasite of reptiles |
2 |
| 2a |
Parasite of other reptiles |
4 |
| b |
Parasite of turtles |
3 |
| 3a |
Spicule length 0,75-0,90 mm |
Meteterakis cophotis |
| b |
Spicule length 0,56-0,68 mm |
Meteterakis striatus |
| 4a |
Parasite of lidarzs |
Meteterakis varani |
| b |
Parasite of grey lidarzs or slamander |
5 |
| 5a |
Male has 14 papillae pairs at anus, spicule length 0,36-0,38 mm |
Meteterakis mabuyae |
| b |
Anus papillae has more than 14 pairs, spicule length 0,62-0,68 mm |
Meteterakis longispiculata |
FAMILY KATHLANIIDAE LANE, 1914
SUBFAMILY SPIRONOURINAE YAMAGUTI, 1961
Key to species of genus Spironoura
| 1a |
Parasie of fish |
4 |
| b |
Parasite of turtles |
2 |
| 2a |
Spicule length upper 3 mm |
Spironoura japonensis |
| b |
Spicule length below 3 mm |
3 |
| 3a |
Spicule length upper 1,5 mm, Gubercunatum length upper 0,2 mm |
Spironoura chelydrae |
| b |
Spicule length below 1,5 mm, Gubercunatum length below 0,2 mm |
Spironoura longispicula |
| 4a |
Male has 18 papillae pairs at anus |
Spironoura babei |
| b |
Male has 11 papillae pairs at anus |
Spironoura kaverii |
FAMILY STRONGYLURIDAE FREITAS, 1956
Key to species of genus Strongylus
| 1a |
Male length range 7-11 mm, with 10 papillae pairs |
Strongylus calotus |
| b |
Male length range 10-17 mm, with 7 papillae pairs at anus |
Strongylus paronai |
SUPERFAMILY HYSTRIGNATHOIDEA KLOSS, 1960
Key to families of superfamily Hystrignathoidea
| 1a |
Head without spine or cutin. Smooth Cutin or with transverse groove. Eggs with fibres and fibre membrane encloses outside |
Chitwoodiellidae |
| b |
Head of female with cutin leaf-shaped structure. Head of male with two wingshaped adnexa stretching to middle of oesophagus length. Eggs without fibres and without fibre membrane encloses outside |
Pulchrocephalidae |
FAMILY CHITWOODIELLIDAE KLOSS, 1960
Key to subfamilies of family Chitwoodiellidae
| 1a |
Male with point stick-shaped structure at tail tip |
Mizaillinae |
| b |
Male without point stick-shaped structure at tail tip |
Chitwoodiellanae |
SUBFAMILY CHITWOODILLINAE KLOSS, 1960
Key to genera of subfamily Chitwoodiellinae
| 1a |
Female has mouth cutin wall with transverse grooves |
Chitwoodiella |
| b |
Female has mouth cutin wall without transverse grooves |
Singhiella |
Key to species of genus Chitwoodiella
| 1a |
Male has three pair papillae at anterior of anus, two pairs at posterior of anus.
Vulva divides female body into two parts with approximately ratetio 1:1 |
Chitwoodiella ovofilamenta |
| b |
Male has two papillae pairs at anterior of anus and three pairs at posterior of anus.
Vulva divides female body into two parts with approximately ratetio 2:1 |
Chitwoodiella thapari |
FAMILY PULCHROCEPHALIDAE KLOSS, 1960
SUBFAMILY PULCHROCEPHALINAE KLOSS, 1959
Male: Without spicule, some caudal chitirous scales. Female: 2 or 3 eggs in one membrane, constried membrane between eggs.
Key to genera of subfamily Pulchrocephalinae
| 1a |
Tail of male with point spine at tip |
Indiana |
| b |
Tail of male without point spine at tip. Buccal capsule with three prominent lips |
Pteronemella |
SUPERFAMILY OXYURIOIDEA RAILLIET, 1916
Key to families of superfamily Oxyurioidea
| 1a |
Male with one spicule |
3 |
| b |
Male without spicule and gubemaculum. spicule is a simple chitirous sprout |
2 |
| 2a |
Male has not comb plate or small hook at anterior of anus |
Heteroxynematidae |
| b |
Without comb plate or small hooks. Parasite in reptiles and amphibians |
Pharyngodonidae |
| 3a |
Gubemaculum absent |
Oxyuridae |
| b |
Gubemaculum present |
Syphaciidae |
FAMILY OXYURIDAE COBBOLD, 1916
Key to genera of family Oxyuridae
| 1a |
Buccal capsule with complicated structure with chitirous wings. Female with chitirous teeth at buccal capsule while they are not present in male |
Oxyuris |
| b |
Buccal capsule without chitirous wing |
Enterobius |
Key to subgenus of genus Enterobius
| 1a |
Male with stagnant tail, not point. Parasite of humans and monkeys |
Enterobius (Enterobius) |
| b |
Point tail, not stagnant. Parasite of humans and rodents |
Enterobius (Trypanoxyuris) |
Key to species of subgenus Enterobius (Enterobius)
| 1a |
Spicule with narrow and well-defined from root to tip, very point spicule tip with one papillae |
Enterobius (E.) vermicularis |
| b |
Spicule with a bit swells in the middle, stagnant at tip, without small papillae |
Enterobius (E.) bipapillatus |
FAMILY PHARYNGODONIDAE TRAVASSOS, 1919
Key to genera of family Pharyngodonidae
| 1a |
Parasite of freshwater fish |
Hakynema |
| b |
Parasite of reptiles |
2 |
| 2a |
Without tail’s wing |
Thelandros |
| b |
With tail’s wing |
3 |
| 3a |
Three sexual papillae pairs of male ared istributed at tail’s bursa |
P. haryngodon |
| b |
Two sexual papillae pairs at tail’s bursa, the third pair separate and placed near spicule’s root |
Spauligodon |
Key to species of genus Spauligodon
| 1a |
Male with two anus papillae pairs |
Spauligodon azerbajdzanicus |
| b |
Male with two anus papillae pairs |
Spauligodon vietnamensis |
FAMILY SYPHACIIDAE SKRJABIN & SCHIKHOBALOVA, 1951
SUBFAMILY SYPHACIINAE RAILLIET, 1916
Key to genera of subfamily Syphaciidae
| 1a |
On ventral side of male has cutin comb plate at aterior of anus |
Syphacia |
| b |
On ventral side of male hasn’t cutin comb plate at aterior of anus |
2 |
| 2a |
Lobated-lip with a pair of chitirous tooth-shaped plate insert. With intermediate lip.
Male with many papillae. Parasite in ruminant |
Skrjabinema |
| b |
Lip without lobation and tooth plate. Without false-lip. Tail of male has not many papillae |
Citellina |
Key to species of genus Syphacia
| 1a |
Spicule length 0,2 mm |
Syphacia spesies |
| b |
Spicule length below 0,1 mm |
2 |
| 2a |
One chitirous node-shaped allae on dorsal side |
Syphacia (S.) sciuri |
| b |
On dorsal side without chitirous node-shaped allae |
Syphacia (S.) obvelata |
SUPERFAMILY SUBULUROIDEA TRAVASSOS, 1930
FAMILY SUBULURIDAE YORKE & MAPLESTONE, 1926
Key to species of genus Subulura
| 1a |
Parasite of mammals |
Subulura distans |
| b |
Parasite of birds and poultry |
2 |
| 2a |
Two different spicules on measurement and morphology |
Subulura hatinhensis |
| b |
Two similar spicules on measurement and morphology |
3 |
| 3a |
Tail of male with more than 10 papillae pairs at anus |
6 |
| b |
Tail of male with 10 pair papillae at anus |
4 |
| 4a |
Spicule shorter than 0,7 mm, parasite of pitas |
Subulura forcipata |
| b |
Spicule length is logner than 0,7 mm, parasite of birds |
5 |
| 5a |
Male with 5 papillae pairs at posterior of anus, 2 papillae pairs at anus |
Subulara minetti |
| b |
Male with 7 papillae paữs at posterior of anus, without papillae at anus |
Subulura rimula |
| 6a |
Male with 12 papillae pairs at anus |
Subulura tumicis |
| b |
Tail male with 11 papillae pairs at anus |
7 |
| 7a |
Spicule with node-shaped at tip |
Subulura suctoria |
| b |
Spicule without node, point at tip |
8 |
| 8a |
Tail of male with finger-shaped adnexa at tip, parasite of owls |
Subulura noctuae |
| b |
Tail of male without finger-shaped adnexa at tip. Parasite of the bird (Harpactes erythrocephalus) |
Subulura trogoni |
SUPERFAMILY THELASTOMATOIDEA (SANCHEZ, 1947) KLOSS, 1960
FAMILY THELASTOMATIDAE (TRAVASSOS, 1929) CHITWOOD & CHITWOOD, 1933
Key to subfamilies of family Thelastomatidae
| 1a |
Egg with membrane layer, 2-4 eggs in one bag. Vulva at posterior part of body |
Binematinae |
| b |
Egg without membrane layer. Changeable vulva position |
2 |
| 2a |
Egg tend to thinner in one side, double eggs in one site |
Cameroniinae |
| b |
Normal eggs and separate egg |
Thelastomatinae |
SUBFAMILY BINEMATINAE SKRJABIN & SCHIKHOBALOVA, 1951
Genus Binema Travassos, 1925 Male: short-stout body, no curved tail. Cutin with wave-shaped. Short tail with spine at tip. Male with one small spicule.
Key to species of genus Binema
| 1a |
Tail of male length uper 0,20 mm |
Binema korsakowi |
| b |
Tail of female length below 0,20 mm |
2 |
| 2a |
Ratio between tail length with body length 1:10 |
Binema ornate |
| b |
Ratio between tail length with body length about 1:30 |
Binema mirzaria |
SUBFAMILY CAMERONIINAE KLOSS, 1959
Key to genera of subfamily Cameroniinae
| 1a |
Male’s tail with well developed genital cone. Egg with fibres |
Gryllophyla |
| b |
Male’s tail with non-developed genital cone. Egg without fibres |
Cameronia |
ORDER STRONGYLIDA RAILIET & HENRY, 1913
Key to superfamily of order Strongylida
| 1a |
Without bursa or degenerated bursa. Parasite in circulatory sytem or dark organ of mammals. Indirect life cycle |
Metastrongyloidea |
| b |
Well-developed bursa, caudal rays with special structure. Parasite in digestive system and sometime in respiratory system or tissue of invertebrate. Direct life cycle, without intermediate host |
2 |
| 2a |
Buccal capsule not present or ill-developed without chitirous wall. Parasite in digestive system or respiratory system |
Trichostrongyloidea |
| b |
Developed buccal capsule with chitirous wall |
3 |
| 3a |
Buccal capsule with chitirous plate-shaped tooth, parasite in digestive system |
Ancylostomatoidea |
| b |
Buccal capsule without chitirous plate-shaped tooth |
4 |
| 4a |
Buccal capsule with flattened at sides as 2 door-shaped, well-developed kitin plates.
Parasite in digestive system of reptile |
Diaphanocephaloidea |
| b |
Buccal capsule without flattened at sides, ill-developed chitirous plates. Parasite in digestive organ, sometime in respiratory system or tissue |
Strongyloidea |
SUPERFAMILY STRONGYLOIDEA WEINLAND, 1858
Key to families of superfamily Strongyloidea
| 1a |
Not parasite in digestive duct. Ill-developed bursa |
3 |
| b |
Parasite in digestive duct. Well-developed bursa |
2 |
| 2a |
Well-developed buccal capsule with sphere, hemisphere or funnel-shaped. Buccal capsule has dorsal furrow |
Strongylidae |
| b |
Well-developed buccal capsule, cylinder or ring-shaped. Buccal capsule without dorsal furrow |
Trichonematidae |
| 3a |
Parasite in kidney or kidney membrane of mammals. Radial rim present |
Stephanuridae |
| b |
Parasite in respiratory of mammals. Radial rim absent |
Syngamydae |
FAMILY STRONGYLIDAE BAIRD, 1853
Key to subfamilies of family Strongylidae
| 1a |
Head tip directly trend to the anterior, exradial rim has 6 brims |
Strongylinae |
| b |
Head tip trend to dorsal or ventral side. With/without radial brim |
2 |
| 2a |
Without radial rim |
Globocephalinae |
| b |
With central radial rim |
Ransominae |
SUBFAMILY STRONGYLINAE RAILLIET, 1893
Key to genera of subfamily Strongylinae
| 1a |
Buccal capsule or prepharynx with teeth |
3 |
| b |
Buccal capsule and prepharynx without teeth |
2 |
| 2a |
Number of exradial rims is smaller than number of endoradial rims and double struture |
Equinurbia |
| b |
Number of exradial rims are bigger than number of endoradial rims and single struture |
Alfortia |
| 3a |
Teeth present from prepharynx |
Triodontophorus |
| b |
Teeth present from Buccal capsule bottom |
4 |
| 4a |
Buccal capsule has 4 tooth: 2 ventral tooth, 2 dorsal tooth |
Strongylus |
| b |
Buccal capsule with 2 tooth |
5 |
| 5a |
Teeth distributed at end of dorsal side |
Delafondia |
| b |
Teeth distributed at end of ventral side |
Decrusia |
SUBFAMILY GLOBOCEPHALINAE TRAVASSOS & VOGELSANG, 1932
Key to genera of subfamily Globocephalinae
| 1a |
Buccal capsule without teeth and chitirous structure |
Characostomum |
| b |
Buccal capsule with teeth and chitirous structure |
2 |
| 2a |
Buccal capsule with chitirous sickle-shaped trend to anterior |
Raillietostrongylus |
| b |
Buccal capsule without chitirous sickle-shaped |
Globocephalus |
Key to species of genus Globocephalus
| 1a |
Buccal capcule with degradated sicimitar-shaped structure |
Globocephalus longemucronatus |
| b |
Buccal capsule with clear sicimitar-shaped structure |
2 |
| 2a |
Very short spicule (below 1 mm) |
Globocephalus urosubulatus |
| b |
Very long spicule (upper 10 mm) |
Globocephalus gigantospiculus |
FAMILY SYNGAMIDAE LEIPER, 1912
SUBFAMILY SYNGAMINAE BAYLIS & DAUBNEY, 1926
Male: small bursate, short spicule, without gubemaculums. Female: vulva at anterior of body, oval-shaped eggs with average measure.
Key to genera of subfamily Syngaminae
| 1a |
Neck allae present. Egg skin without lid. Buccal capsule has layer inside. Parasite in mammals |
Mammomonogamus |
| b |
Neck allae are not present. Egg skin with lip. Buccal capsule without layer inside. Parasite in birds |
Syngamus |
FAMILY TRICHONEMATIDAE WITENBERG, 1925
Key to subfamilies of family Trichonematidae
| 1a |
With transverse groove at neck |
Oesophagostomatinae |
| b |
Without transverse groove at neck |
2 |
| 2a |
With two radial brims |
Trichonematinae |
| b |
With 1 radial brim |
Murshidiinae |
SUBFAMILY TRICHONEMATINAE WITENBERG, 1925
Key to genera of subfamily Trichonematinae
| 1a |
Buccal capsule divided into two parts: anterior and posterior |
Bourgelatia |
| b |
Buccal capsule is not divide into anterior and posterior part |
2 |
| 2a |
Sandclock-shaped oesophagus |
Amira |
| b |
Oesophagos with different morphology |
3 |
| 3a |
At posterior part of buccal capsule has prominent part as ring-shaped |
Cylicocyclus |
| b |
At posterior part of buccal capsule has not prominent part as ring-shaped |
Trichonema |
Key to species of genus Trichonema
| 1a |
Body length range 4,5-6,0 mm. Exradial rim with 18 brims |
Trichonema longibursatum |
| b |
Body length range 7,0-9,5 mm. Exradial rim with 21 brims |
Trichonema catinatum |
SUBFAMILY MURSHIDIINAE WITENBERG, 1925
Key to genera of subfamily Murshidiinae
| 1a |
Dorsal-ventral radial rim of exradial rims is shorter than side radial brim |
Murshdia |
| b |
Exradial rims with similar size |
Quilonia |
Key to species of genus Murshidia
| 1a |
Exradial rim with 80 rims. Spicule length range 1,7-1,8 mm |
Murshidia falcifera |
| b |
Exradial rim with 28 rims. Spicule length 0,96 mm |
Murshidia linstowi |
SUBFAMILY OESOPHAGOSTOMATINAE RAILLIET, 1916
Key to genera of subfamily Oesophagostomatinae
| 1a |
Mouth hole at anterior or dorsal side |
Temidens |
| b |
Mouth hole at head tip |
2 |
| 2a |
Round cervical sulcus. Two spicules with fibre at tip |
Bourgelatioides |
| b |
Cervical sulcus at ventral side. Two spicules without fibre |
Oesophagostomum |
Key to subgenus of genus Oesophagostomum
| 1a |
Cervical papillae at posterior end of oesophagus |
Oesophagostomum (Hysteracrum) |
| b |
Cervical papillae at anterior end of oesophagus |
2 |
| 2a |
Without oesophageal funnel |
Oesophagostomum (Proteracrum) |
| b |
Oesophagus funnel present |
3 |
| 3a |
Exradial brim absent |
Oesophagostomum (Bosicola) |
| b |
With two radial brims |
4 |
| 4a |
Oesophageal funnel has not teeth or protuberance |
Oesophagostomum (Oesophagostomum) |
| b |
Oesophageal funnel has teeth or protuberance |
Oesophagostomum (Conoweberia) |
Key to species of genus Oesophagostomum
| 1a |
Parasite in some animals of order Artiodactyla |
7 |
| b |
Parasite in some animals of order Primates |
2 |
| 2a |
Dorsal ray divided into two branches, the inside second branch is very thin and equal approximate 1/2 of dorsal ray |
Oesophagostomum (C.) blanchardi |
| b |
Dorsal ray with deferent structure |
3 |
| 3a |
Spicule length is shorter than 1,4 mm |
Oesophagostomum (C.) bifurcum |
| b |
Spicule length is longer than 1,4 mm |
4 |
| 4a |
Oesophageal funnel without hooks or prominents |
Oesophagostomum (C.) overtum |
| b |
Oesophageal funnel with hooks or prominents |
5 |
| 5a |
Internal corona radiate absent |
Oesophagostomum (C.) tridentatum |
| b |
Internal corona radiate present |
6 |
| 6a |
External corona radiate with 20 radius |
Oesophagostomum (C.) aculeatum |
| b |
External corona radiate with 12 radius |
Oesophagostomum (C.) brumpti |
| 7a |
Cervical papillae at anterior oesophagus end |
10 |
| b |
Cervical papillae at oesophagus end or at posterior of oesophagus end |
8 |
| 8a |
External corona radiate with 10-12 radius |
Oesophagostomum (H.) asperum |
| b |
External corona radiate with 18-20 radius |
9 |
| 9a |
Cervical papillae at oesophagus end |
Oesophagostomum (H.) cervi |
| b |
Cervical papillae at posterior of oesophagus end |
Oesophagostomum (H.) venulosum |
| 10a |
Oesophageal funnel absent |
Oesophagostomum (P.) columbianum |
| b |
Oesophageal funnel present |
11 |
| 11a |
External corona radiate present |
13 |
| b |
External corona radiate absent |
12 |
| 12a |
Gubemaculums absent. Oesophageal funnel with three scimitar-shaped structure |
Oesophagostomum (B.) sikae |
| b |
Gubemaculum present. Oesophageal funnel without scimitar-shaped structures |
Oesophagostomum (B.) radiatum |
| 13a |
Exradial corona radiate has 14-16 rims |
Oesophagostomum (O.) brevicaudum |
| b |
Exradial brim has 9-10 rims |
14 |
| 14a |
Oesophagus swell at anterior |
16 |
| b |
Oesophagus don’t swell at anterior |
15 |
| 15a |
Small body size, shorter than 4,0 mm, Long and thin at anterior of oesophagus |
Oesophagostomum traguli |
| b |
Medium body size. Longer than 7,0 mm, anterior of oesophagus with symbolic tructure of genus Oesophagostomum |
Oesophagostomum (O.) dentatum |
| 16a |
Spicule length range 0,81-0,95 mm |
Oesophagostomum (O.) longicaudum |
| b |
Spicule length range 0,41-0,52 mm |
Oesophagostomum (B.) curvatum |
SUPERFAMILY ANCYLOSTOMATOIDEA LOOSS, 1905
Key to families of superfamily Ancylostomatoidea
| 1a |
Buccal capsule with chitirous scimitar-shaped plates in the bottom |
Uncinariidae |
| b |
Buccal capsule without chitirous scimitar-shaped plates in the bottom |
Ancylostomatidae |
FAMILY ANCYLOSTOMATIDAE LOOSS, 1905
Key to subfamilies of family Ancylostomatidae
| 1a |
Chew organ with plate-shaped |
Bunostomatinae |
| b |
Chew organ with teeth-shaped |
2 |
| 2a |
Mouth hole trend to dorsal side. Ventral tooth trend to buccal capsule |
Ancylostomatinae |
| b |
Mouth hole trend to ventral side. Ventral tooth trend to posterior |
Strongylocanthinae |
SUBFAMILY ANCYLOSTOMATINAE LOOSS, 1905
Key to genera of subfamily Ancylostomatinae
| 1a |
Deep buccal capsule, sphere. Anterior of oesophagus is not large swelling. Parasite in some animals of order monkey and canivorous |
Ancylostoma |
| b |
Large buccal capsule, anterior of oesophagus is large swelling |
2 |
| 2a |
Mouth with 4 tooth. With chitirous spine at body side. Parasite in some animals of order Artiodactyla |
Agriostomum |
| b |
Mouth with 8 teeth pairs. Parasite in some animals of order Rodentia |
Cyclodontostomum |
Key to species of genus Ancylostoma
| 1a |
Parasite of humans |
Ancylostoma duodenale |
| b |
Parasite of animals |
2 |
| 2a |
Parasite in some animals of order Rodentida |
Ancylostoma gilsoni |
| b |
Parasite in some animal of order carnivorous |
3 |
| 3a |
Parasite of bear |
Ancylostoma malayanum |
| b |
Parasite in some other animals of order carnivorous |
4 |
| 4a |
At anterior of bursa has light muscular bands, spicule length is shorter than 0,8 mm |
Ancylostoma caninum |
| b |
At anterior of bursa hasn’t light muscular bands, spicule length is longer than 1,00 mm |
Ancylostoma braziliense |
SUBFAMILY BUNOSTOMATINAE LOOSS, 1911
Key to genera of subfamily Bunostomatinae
| 1a |
No symmetrical bursa |
Bunostomum |
| b |
Symmetric bursa |
2 |
| 2a |
Prominent intestinal bag presents. Parasite in Asian elephens and rhino |
Grammocephalus |
| b |
Without prominent intestinal bag |
3 |
| 3a |
Buccal capsule wall with dorsal and ventral slits. Parasite in Asian elephans |
Bathmostomum |
| b |
Buccal capsule wall without slits. Parasite in other mammals |
4 |
| 4a |
Buccal capsule has been established by 6 chitirous plates. Dorsal slit presents |
Arthrocephalus |
| b |
Buccal capsule has been established by 8 chitirous plates. Without dorsal slit |
Arthrostoma |
Key to species of genus Bunostomum
| 1a |
Thin spicules, length upper 3,0 mm |
Bunostomum phlebotomum |
| b |
Stout spicule, short, length up to 0,7 mm |
Bunostomum trigonocephalum |
SUBFAMILY STRONGYLACANTHINAE YORKE & MAPLESTONE, 1926
Key to species of genus Strongylacantha
| 1a |
Tail of female with wing |
Strongylacantha rhinolophi |
| b |
Tail of female without wing |
2 |
| 2a |
Tail of female with 3 chitirous papillae |
Strongylacantha glycirrhiza |
| b |
Tail of female without chitirous papillae |
Strongylacantha longycaudata |
FAMILY UNCINARIIDAE FROELICH, 1789
Key to genera of family Uncinariidae
| 1a |
Buccal capsule with 2 ventral scimitar-shaped chitirous plates in the bottom. Parasite in pigs and some othe animals of order carnivorous |
Uncinaria |
| b |
Buccal capsule with more than chitirous scimitar-shaped plates. Parasite of pigs, monkeys and humans |
Necator |
Key to species of genus Uncinaria
| 1a |
Very long spicule, 1,6-1,8 mm |
Uncinaria longispiculata |
| b |
Short spicule, 0,7-0,8 mm |
Uncinaria longespiculum |
SUPERFAMILY DIAPHANOCEPHALOIDEA TRAVASSOS, 1920
FAMILY DIAPHANOCEPHALIDAE TRAVASSOS, 1920
Head trend to the side, with radial brim or degenerated radial brim. Male: very close ventral rays, two long spicules with simple structure. Female: vulva at near the end of body, double genital systems, oviparous. Parasite in digestive duct of reptiles.
Key to genera of family Diaphanocephalidae
| 1a |
With radial brim at head and three tooth at oesophageal funnel |
Occipitodontus |
| b |
Without radial brim at head and three tooth at oesophageal funnel |
Kalicephalus |
Key to species of genus Kalicephalus
| 1a |
Parasite of varans |
Kalicephalus macrovulvus |
| b |
Parasite of snakes |
2 |
| 2a |
Two spicules with similarly on morphology and measurement |
4 |
| b |
Two spicules with different structure and measurement |
3 |
| 3a |
Long spicule is longer and thinner than short spicule |
Kalicephalus alatospiculus |
| b |
Long spicule is longer and fatter than short spicule |
Kalicephalus najae |
| 4a |
Spicule is shorter than 0,31 mm |
Kalicephalus chungkingensis |
| b |
Spicule is longer than 0,31 mm |
5 |
| 5a |
Male’s oesophagus is shorter than 0,3 mm |
Kalicephalus indicus |
| b |
Male’s oesophagus is longer than 0,3 mm |
6 |
| 6a |
Gubemaculum is shorter than 0,13 mm |
Kalicephalus viperae |
| b |
Gubemaculum is longer than 0,13 mm |
7 |
| 7a |
Gubemaculum length range 0,13-0,15 mm |
Kalicephalus nankingensis |
| b |
Gubemaculum length range 0,15-0,18 mm |
Kalicephalus natricis |
SUPERFAMILY METASTRONGYLOIDEA LANE, 1917
Key to families of superfamily Metastrongyloidea
| 1a |
Head with 6 lips. Unclear bursate, sometime fully denegeration |
Filaroididae |
| b |
Head with 3 or 6 lips. Developed bursa |
Metastrongylidae |
FAMILY METASTRONGYLIDAE LEIPER, 1908
Key to species of genus Metastrongylus
| 1a |
Gubemaculum absent |
Metastrongylus elongatus |
| b |
Gubemaculum present |
2 |
| 2a |
Spicule is shorter than 2,0 mm, straight at the end or anchor-shaped. Vagina is shorter than 1,0 mm |
Metastrongylus pudendotectus |
| b |
Spicule is longer than 2,0 mm, hook-shaped at the end. Vagina is longer than 1,0 mm |
Metastrongylus salmi |
SUPERFAMILY TRICHOSTRONGYLOIDEA CRAM, 1927
Key to families of superfamily Trichostrongyloidea
| 1a |
Single female genital system. Parasite of mammals |
Heligmosomatidae |
| b |
Double female genital system (2 ductus oogenesis, 2 fallobian tube, 2 uterus) |
2 |
| 2a |
Parasite in lung of mammals |
Dictyocaulidae |
| b |
Parasite in digestive duct of mammals, birds, beasts, reptiles, and amphibians |
3 |
| 3a |
Parasite in birds. Buccal capsule present, without radial rim |
Amidostomatidae |
| b |
Parasite in birds, breasts, reptiles and amphibians; nematode parasitize in birds has not got buccal capsule |
Trichostrongylidae |
FAMILY TRICHOSTRONGYLIDAE LEIPER, 1912
Key to subfamilies of family Trichostrongylidae
| 1a |
Buccal capcule and teeth are not present |
3 |
| b |
Buccal capsule present with one or some tooth inside |
2 |
| 2a |
Long spicule with fibre-shaped |
Nematodiriinae |
| b |
Short spicule with cube-shaped |
Haemonchinae |
| 3a |
Short spicule with cube-shaped, complex structure |
6 |
| b |
Long and thin spicule, sometime with fibre-shaped |
4 |
| 3a |
Female’s tail has not got spine at tip |
Nochtiinae |
| b |
Female’s tail has spine at tip |
5 |
| 5a |
Parasite in birds |
Ornithostrongylinae |
| b |
Parasite in mammals |
Citellinematinae |
| 6a |
Head tip with shoulder tassels. Parasite in stomach of birds |
Epomidiostomatinae |
| b |
Head tip has epaulet structure. Parasite of mammals and birds |
7 |
| 7a |
Without head swells |
Trichostrongylinae |
| b |
With head swells |
8 |
| 8a |
Female without spine at the end of tail. Parasite inmammals |
Cooperiinae |
| b |
Female’s tail has spine at tip |
9 |
| 9a |
Gubemaculum absent. Parasite in reptiles and amphibians |
Oswaldocruziinae |
| b |
Gubemaculum present. Parasite in mammals |
Molineinae |
SUBFAMILY TRICHOSTRONGYLINAE LEIPER, 1908
Key to genera of family Trichostrongylinae
| 1a |
Cervical allae absent. Parasite in mammals and birds |
Trichostrongylus |
| b |
Cervical allae present. Parasite of Artiodactyla, sometime in rodents |
2 |
| 2a |
Bursa without membrane, or with weak-developed membrane. Spicule has transverse groove |
Rinadia |
| b |
Bursa with Cutin membrane. Parasite of ruminants |
3 |
| 3a |
Gubemaculum present. Spicule tip divide into three notchs. Lateral lobe of bursa separate or not separate with middle lobe |
Ostertagia |
| b |
Gubemaculum absent. Lateral lobe is not separate with middle lobe. Spicule tip has sector membrane. Bursa rays is stout and short |
Spiculopteragia |
Key to species of genus Trichostrongylus
| 1a |
Spicule has cube-shaped, complex structure spicule’s tip. |
3 |
| b |
Spicule has not cube-shaped, simple structure spicule’s tip |
2 |
| 2a |
Parasite of birds |
Trichostrongylus tenuis |
| b |
Parasite in mammals |
Trichostrongylus orientalis |
| 3a |
Two different spicules |
Trichostrongylus axei |
| b |
Two approximately equal spicules |
4 |
| 4a |
Complex structe spicule with cube-shaped |
Trichostrongylus probolurus |
| b |
Spicule with curved ship-shaped, simple structure |
Trichostrongylus colubriformis |
Key to species of genus Spiculopteragia
| 1a |
Parasite in abomasum, spicule length range 0,17-0,18 mm |
Spiculopteragia houdemeri |
| b |
Parasite in intestine, spicule length range 0,23-0,27 mm |
Spiculopteragia vietnamica |
SUBFAMILY CITELLINEMATINAE SKRJABIN & SCHULZ, 1937
Key to species of genus Molinostrongylus
| 1a |
Spicule length range 0,31-0,36 mm |
Molinostrongylus alatus |
| b |
Spicule length 0,17 mm |
Molinostrongylus scotophili |
SUBFAMILY COOPERIINAE SKRJABIN & SCHIKHOBALOVA, 1952
Key to species of genus Cooperia
| 1a |
Parasite of some animals of oder Primates |
Cooperia ninhae |
| b |
Parasite of some animals of oder Artiodactyla |
2 |
| 2a |
Two spicules are longer than 0,2 mm |
Cooperia pectinata |
| b |
Two spicules are shorter than 0,2 mm |
3 |
| 3a |
Lateral dorsal rays directly curve into ventral part, spermatheca length 0,30 mm |
Cooperia laterouformis |
| b |
Lateral dorsal rays gradually curve into ventral part. Spermatheca length 0,48 mm |
Cooperia punctata |
SUBFAMILY EPOMIDIOSTOMINAE SKRJABIN & SCHULZ, 1937
Key to genera of subfamily Epomidiostomatinae
| 1a |
Head with clear shoulder tassels, with 4 allae which tend to anterior and separate with prominent Cutin |
Epomidiostomum |
| b |
Degenerated shoulder tassel. 4 head allae. Without lateral prominent Cutin |
Pseudamidostomum |
SUBFAMILY HAEMONCHINAE SKRJABIN & SCHULZ, 1937
Key to species of genus Haemonchus
| 1a |
Spicule is longer than 4,0 mm. Spicule’s tip is not ramify |
Haemonchus contortus |
| b |
Spicule is shorter than 4,0 mm. Spicule’s tip is ramify |
Haemonchus similis |
SUBFAMILY NEMATODIRIINAE SKRJABIN & ORLOFF, 1934
Key to genera of subfamily Nematodiriinae
| 1a |
Fibre-shaped spicule |
3 |
| b |
Cube-shaped spicule |
2 |
| 2a |
Spicule’s tip split into 2-3 branches |
Apteragia |
| b |
Spicule’s tip is not split |
Herpetostrongylus |
| 3a |
Spicule’s tip is not split |
Mecistocirrus |
| b |
Spicule’s tip is split |
Nycteridostrongylus |
SUBFAMILY NOCHTIINAE SKRJABIN & SCHIKHOBALOVA, 1952
Genus Nochtia Travassos & Vogeslang, 1929
Head swells present. Male: on bursa surface has some thicker parts. Straight, thin spicule and approximately equal.
Key to species of genus Nochtia
| 1a |
Spicule is longer than 0,4 mm |
Nochtia macacae |
| b |
Spicule is shorter than 0,4 mm |
2 |
| 2a |
Bursa has spine-shaped epithelium inside |
Nochtia tani |
| b |
Bursa has not spine-shaped epithelium inside |
Nochtia nochti |
SUBFAMILY OSWALDOCRUZIINAE SKRJABIN & SCHIKHOBALOVA, 1952
Key to genera of subfamily Oswaldocruziinae
| 1a |
Gubemaculatum absent, spicule divided 3-5 branches in the back |
Oswaldocruzia |
| b |
Gubemaculum present. Spicule divided 2 branches in the back |
Trichoskrjabinia |
Key to species of genus Oswaldocruzia
| 1a |
Parasite in some of amphibians |
Oswaldocruzia hoeplii |
| b |
Parasite in some of reptile |
2 |
| 2a |
Spicule length range 0,20-0,22 mm |
Oswaldocrzia goezei |
| b |
Spicule length range 0,17-0,18 mm |
Oswaldocruzia agamae |
FAMILY AMIDOSTOMATIDAE BAYLIS & DAUBNEY, 1926
Key to species of genus Amidostomum
| 1a |
Spicule length upper 0,9 mm |
Amidostomum fulicae |
| b |
Spicule length is much shorter than 0,9 mm |
2 |
| 2a |
Spicule length range 0,15-0,16 mm |
Amidostomum anseris |
| b |
Spicule length range 0,12-0,14 mm |
Amidostomum acutum |
FAMILY DICTYOCAULIDAE SKRJABIN, 1941
Key to subgenus of genus Dictyocaulus
| 1a |
Middle-lateral rays and ventro-lateral rays merge into bock at root and separate at the tip |
Dictyocaulus (Dictyocaulus) |
| b |
Middle-lateral rays and ventro-lateral rays merge into block, no separate at the tip |
Dictyocaulus (Micrurocaulus) |
Key to species of genus Dictyocaulus
| 1a |
Middle-lateral rays and ventro-lateral rays merge at root and separate at the tip |
Dictyocaulus (D.) filaria |
| b |
Middle-lateral rays and ventro-lateral rays merge from root to tip |
2 |
| 2a |
Gubemaculum with stick-shaped |
Dictyocaulus (M.) khawi |
| b |
Gubemaculum with beehive-shaped |
3 |
| 3a |
Spicule length range 0,064-0,080 mm |
Dictyocaulus (M.) viviparus |
| b |
Spicule length range 0,040-0,052 mm |
Dictyocaulus (M.) eckerti |
FAMILY HELIGMOSOMATIDAE CRAM, 1907
Key to subfamilies of family Heligmosomatidae
| 1a |
Small dorsal rays, extend to bursa edge. Female has spine at tail’s tip |
Heligmosomatinae |
| b |
Big dorsal rays, extend to bursa edge or near bursate edge. Female has not spine at tail’s tip |
Longystriatinae |
SUBFAMILY LONGISTRIATINAE SKRJABIN & SCHULZ, 1937
Key to genera of subfamily Longistriatinae
| 1a |
Lateral-dorsal rays has not same root with dorsal ray |
Acanthostrongylus |
| b |
Lateral-dorsal rays has same root with dorsal ray |
2 |
| 2a |
Cuticul has along comb-shaped groove |
Brevistriata |
| b |
Cutin has not along comb-shaped groove |
Longistriata |
Key to sub genus of genus Longistriata
| 1a |
Straight-short spicule |
Longistriata (Brevspiculoides) |
| b |
Long spicule with fibre-shapedd |
Longistriata (Longistriata) |
Key to species of genus Longistriata
| 1a |
Spicule length is longer than 1,5 mm |
Longistriata cordicauta |
| b |
Spicule length is shorter than 1,5 mm |
2 |
| 2a |
Spicule fibre-shapedd, length of spicule upper 1,0 mm |
Longistriata levanhoai |
| b |
Spicule straight-shapedd, length of spicule below 1,0 mm |
3 |
| 3a |
Spicule length 0,4-0,5 mm |
Longistriata (Z.) leporis |
| b |
Spicule length 0,8-0,9 mm |
Longistriata (B.) dubia |
Key to species of genus Brevistriata
| 1a |
Short spicule, below 0,5 mm, with two allae at tip |
Brevistriata skrjabini |
| b |
Long spicule, over 0,5 mm, point at tip, without allae |
2 |
| 2a |
Spicule length 0,9-1,0 mm |
Brevistriata longipene |
| b |
Spicule length 1,5-1,6 mm |
Brevistriata sinensis |
