FAUNA OF VIETNAM
SUBFAMILY ANOPHELINAE
INTRODUCTION
Linnaeus first named a mosquito species Aedes aegypti Linneaus, 1762. Then, Schrank described Culiseta annulata Schrank, 1776 and Fabricius discovered Psorophora ciliata Fabricius, 1794. In the century XVIII only 42 mosquitoes species were decribed by 17 author. On the century XIX and earlier XX, there are 200 new mosquitoes species were discribed, mainly by Theobald, Lutz and Coqquillet. In 1910, Theobald published “Mosquito Culicidae” in which 149 genus and 1050 species were included.

Edward (1932) announced the list of 89 genus including 1,407 mosquitoes species. He identified mosquitoes belonging to one family, Culicidae. Later, the family Culicidae was divided into three subfamilies.

The subfamilies Culicine and Anophelinae clades diverged nearly 150 millions year ago. The Old World and New World species subsequently diverged ~95 million years ago. The Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus clades diverged 36-80 million years ago. A molecular study of several genes in seven species has provided additional supportive evidence for an expansion of the genus Anopheles during the Cretaceous period.

The genus Anopheles Meigen distribute nearly worldwide, and belongs to a subfamily Anophelinae with two other genera, Bironella Theobald (Australia only) and Chagasia Cruz (Neotropics).

The classification of this genus began in 1901 with Theobald. Despite the passage of time the taxonomy remains incompletely settled. Classification into species is based on morphological characteristics-wing spots, head anatomy, larval and puPan anatomy, chromosome structure-and more recently on DNA sequences.

The Composition of the Anophelinae mosquito fauna in Vietnam is listed as follows:

Subfamily: Anophelinae Grassi, 1900
Genus: Anopheles Meigen, 1818
Subgenus: Anopheles Meigen, 1818
Series: Anopheles (Edwards, 1932)
Group: Aitkenii (Reid & Knight, 1961)
1. Anopheles aberrans Harrison & Scanlon, 1975
2. Anopheles bengalensis Puri, 1930
3. Anopheles insulaeflorum (Swellengrebel & Swellengrebel de Graaf, 1920)
4. Anopheles palmatus (Rodenwaldt, 1926)
Group Culiciformis (Reid & Knight, 1961)
5. Anopheles sintonoides Ho, 1938
Group Lindesayi (Reid & Knight, 1961),
Complex Gigas (Harrison, Rattanarithikul, Peyton & Mongkolpanya, 1991)
6. Anopheles baileyi Edwards, 1929
7. Anopheles gigas Giles, 1901
Complex Lindesayi (Harrison, Rattanarithikul, Peyton & Mongkolpanya, 1991)
8. Anopheles lindesayi Giles, 1900
Group Alongensis Phan, Manh, Hinh & Vien, 1991
9. Anopheles alongensis Venhuis, 1940
10. Anopheles cucphuongensis Vu, Nguyen, Tran & Nguyen, 1990
Series Lophoscelomyia (Edwards, 1932)
Group Asiaticus (Reid, 1968)
Subgroup Asiaticus (Rattanarithikul, Harrison, Harbach & Panthusiri, 2006)
11. Anopheles asiaticus Leicester, 1903
Subgroup Interruptus (Rattanarithikul, Harrison, Harbach & Panthusiri, 2006)
12. Anopheles interruptus Puri, 1929
Series Myzorhynchus (Edwards, 1932)
Group Barbirostris (Reid, 1962)
Subgroup Barbirostris (Reid, 1968)
13. Anopheles barbirostris Van der Wulp, 1884
(include genetic forms A, B, C)
14. Anopheles campestris Reid, 1962
15. Anopheles donaldi Reid, 1962
Subgroup Vanus (Reid, 1968)
16. Anopheles barbumbrosus Strickland & Chowdhury, 1927
Group Hyrcanus (Reid, 1953)
Subgroup Lesteri (Harrison, 1972)
17. Anopheles crawfordi Reid, 1953
18. Anopheles dangi Nguyen, Tran, Vu & Nguyen, 1991
19. Anopheles lesteri Baisas & Hu, 1936
20. Anopheles paraliae Sandosham, 1959
21. Anopheles peditaeniatus (Leicester, 1908)
Subgroup Nigerimus (Harrison, 1972)
22. Anopheles nigerimus Giles, 1900 (include genetic forms A, B)
23. Anopheles nitidus Harrison, Scanlon & Reid, 1973.
24. Anopheles monstrosus Nguyen, Tran, Vu & Nguyen, 1991
25. Anopheles nimpe Nguyen, Tran, Harbach, Elphick & Linton, 2000
26. Anopheles pursati Laveran, 1902
27. Anopheles vietnamensis Manh, Hinh &Vien, 1993
Not belong to any groups:
28. Anopheles argyropus (Swellengrebel, 1914) (include genetic forms A, B)
29. Anopheles sinensis Wiedemann, 1828 (include genetic forms A, B)
Group Umbrosus (Reid, 1950)
Subgroup Baezai (Rattanarithikul, Harrison, Harbach & Panthusiri, 2006)
30. Anopheles baezai Gater, 1933.
Subgroup Letifer (Reid, 1968)
31. Anopheles letifer Sandosham, 1944
32. Anopheles whartoni Reid, 1963
Subgroup Separatus (Rattanarithikul, Harrison, Harbach & Panthusiri, 2006)
33. Anopheles separatus (Leicester, 1908)
Subgroup Umbrosus (Rattanarithikul, Harrison, Harbach & Panthusiri, 2006)
34. Anopheles umbrosus (Theobald, 1903)
Subgenus Cellia (Theobald, 1902)
Series Myzomyia (Christophers, 1924)
Complex Jeyporiensis (Rattanarithikul, Harrison, Harbach & Panthusiri, 2006)
35. Anopheles jeyporiensis James, 1902 (include genetic forms A, B, C, D)
Group Funestus (Garros, 2004)
Subgroup Aconitus (Chen, Butlin & Harbach, 2003)
36. Anopheles aconitus Doenitz,1902 (include genetic forms A, B, C)
37. Anophelespampanai Buttiker & Beales, 1959
38. Anopheles varuna Iyenga, 1924
Subgroup Culicifacies (Garros, Butlin & Harbach, 2004)
39. Anopheles culicifacies Giles, 1901 (include genetic forms A, B)
Subgroup Minimus (Chen, Butlin & Harbach, 2003)
Complex Minimus (Green, Gass, Munsterman & Baimai, 1990)
40. Anopheles minimus Theobald, 1901 (include An. minimus C)
Series Neocellia (Christophers, 1924)
Group Annularis (Reid, 1968)
41. Anopheles annularis Van der Wulp, 1884
42. Anopheles philippinensis Ludlow, 1902
Complex Nivipes (Harrison, Rattanarithikul, Peyton & Mongkolpanya, 1991)
43. Anopheles nivipes (Theobald, 1903) (include genetic forms A, B)
Group Jamesi (Rattanarithikul, Harrison, Harbach & Panthusiri, 2006)
44. Anopheles jamesi Theobald, 1901 (include genetic forms A, B)
45. Anopheles pseudojamesi Strickland &t Chowdhury, 1927
46. Anopheles splendidus Koidzumi, 1920
Group Maculatus (Rattanarithikul, Harrison, Harbach & Panthusiri, 2006)
Subgroup Maculatus (Rattanarithikul, Harrison, Harbach & Panthusiri, 2006)
47. Anopheles dravidicus Christophers, 1924
48. Anopheles maculatus Theobald, 1901 (include genetic forms E, K)
Subgroup Sawadwongporni (Rattanarithikul, Harrison, Harbach & Panthusiri, 2006)
49. Anopheles notanandai Rattanarithikul & Green, 1986
50. Anopheles sawawongporni Rattanarithikul & Green, 1986
Not belong to any groups
51. Anopheles pseudowillmori (Theobald, 1910)
52. Anopheles willmori (James, 1903)
Not belong to any groups
53. Anopheles karwari (James, 1903) (include genetic forms A, B, C)
54. Anopheles stephensi Liston, 1901
Series Neomyzomyia (Christophers, 1924)
Group Kochi (Rattanarithikul, Harrison, Harbach & Panthusiri, 2006)
55. Anopheles kochi Doenitz, 1901
Group Leucosphyrus (Reid, 1949)
Subgroup Leucosphyrus (Peyton, 1990)
Complex Dirus (Peyton & Ramalingam, 1988)
56. Anopheles dirus Peyton & Harrison, 1979
57. Anopheles takasagoensis Morishita, 1946
Group Tessellatus (Rattanarithikul, Harrison, Harbach & Panthusiri, 2006)
58. Anopheles tessellatus Theobald, 1901
Series Pyretophorus (Edwards, 1932)
Group Ludlowae (Rattanarithikul, Harrison, Harbach & Panthusiri, 2006)
Complex Sundaicus (Sukowati et al., 1999)
59. Anopheles epiroticus (Linton, Harbach, Dusfour, Howard, Ruiz, Manh, Trung, Sochanta & Coosmans, 2005)
Complex Subpictus (Saguna, Rathinam, Rajavel & Dhanda, 1994)
60. Anopheles indefinitus (Ludlow, 1904)
61. Anopheles subpictus (Grassi, 1899) (include genetic forms A, C, D)
62. Anopheles vagus (Doenitz, 1902) (include genetic forms A, B)

IDENTIFICATION KEYS OF ANOPHELES MOSQUITOES

Key to subfamily of the family Anopheles

Mosquito: Costa divided by pale spots not more than 3 dark marks involving both costa and vein 1, or costa all dark. Lavar: Bases of inner clypeal hairs much closer to one another than to the outer clypeals; antennal shaft hair branched	Anopheles
Mosquito: Costa always divided by pale sports into 4 or more dark marks involving both costa and vein 1. Larva: Pupa: Bases of inner clypeal hairs wider apart and closer to the bases of the outer clypeals than to one onother; antennal shaft hair small or minute and nearly always simple	Cellia

Keys to the series of the subgenus Anopheles

Mosquito:

1a.	Costa all dark (except Lindesayi)	Anopheles
b-	Costa divided by pale sports	2
2a.	Apex of hind fermur with conspicuous tuft of white scales preceded by tuft of black scales	Lophoscelomyia
b-	Apex of hind fermur without black and white tuft of scales (femur with subapical pale band or costa with presector pale spot)	Myzorhynchus

Pupa:

1a.	Trumpet with the longest axis more or less transverse to the stem, the rim sometimes with a second split opposite to the meatal cleft, or if longest axis not transverse to stem there is a lobe, often complex, on the rim.	Myzorhynchus
b-	Trumpet with the longest axis usually more or less vertical, no second split, rim simple entire.	2
2a.	Lateral spine VII simple and not hooked at the tip	Anopheles
b-	Lateral spine VII unbranched and hooked at the tip or slightly freyed	Lophoscelomyia

Larva:

1a.	Antennal shaft hair longer than 1/2 the length of antennal shaft	2
b-	Antennal shaft hair shorter than 1/2 the length of antennal shaft	Myzorhynchus
2a.	Frontal hairs branched, beyond the bases of posterior clypeal hairs (except Alongensis and group Culiciformis)	Anopheles
b-	Frontal hairs simple or branched and then not over the bases of posterior clypeal hairs	Lophoscelomyia

Keys to the group of the subgenus Cellia

Characteristics: Mosquito: Costa always divided by pale sports into 4 or more dark marks involving both costa and vein 1. Larva: Pupa: Bases of inner clypeal hairs wider apart and closer to the bases of the outer clypeals than to one onother; antennal shaft hair small or minute and nearly always simple.

Mosquito:

1a.	Upper proepistemal setae absen	Neocellia
b-	Upper proepistemal setae present	2
2a.	Palps with four or more pale bands; antepronotum with scales	Neomyzomyia
b-	Palps with three pale bands; antepronotum without scales	3
3a.	Fore tarsi entirely dark or with only narrow pale bands at tip	Myzomyia
b-	Fore tarsi with fairly broad pale bands; the bases of the tarsal segment with pale bands	Pyretophorus

Pupa:

1a.	Paddle haft usually short and straight; lateral spines on V-VII seldom 1/2 as long as the segment.	Neomyzomyia
b-	Paddle hair hooked at tip, long and often sinuate; lateral spines on V-VII more than as long as the segment	2
2a.	Hair 1 on II with more than 10 branches	Myzomyia
b-	Hair 1 on II with less than 10 branches	3
3a.	Hair 9 on I long and simple about twice as long as the segment	Pyretophorus
b-	Hair 9 on I small not longer than the segment; may be branched	Neocellia

Larva:

1a.	Out clypeal hairs with many distal branches, brush-like	subgroup Annularis of the group Neocelia
b-	Out clypeal hairs simple or with a few short side branches, not brush-like	2
2a.	Abdominal tergal plates very large, those on segments IV-VII wider than the distance between the bases of each pair of palmate hairs	subgroup Funestus of the group Myzomyia
b-	Abdominal tergal plates not very large, those on segments TV-VII not as wider as the distance between the bases of each pair of palmate hairs	3
3a.	One of the 3 long pleural hairs of the prothorax feathered	4
b-	None of the 3 long pleural hairs of the prothorax feathered, all simple	5
4a.	Formula for thoracic pleural hairs: branched, simple, branched	Other complex of Myzomyia
b-	Formula for thoracic pleural hairs: branched, branched, branched	Other complex of Neocellia
5a.	Thoracic pleural hairs completely simple	Neomyzomyia
b-	Thoracic pleural hairs uncompleted simple	Pyretophorus

Series Anopheles (Edwards, 1932)

Keys to the group belong to series Anopheles

Characteristics: Mosquito: Costa all dark (except series Lindesayi have a pale sports). Larva: Frontal hairs branched, beyond the bases of posterior clypeal hairs. Pupa: Lateral spine VII simple and not hooked at the tip.

Mosquito:

1a.	Costa all dark	2
b-	Costa divided by pale sports	Lindesayi
2a.	Erect head scales narrow (only slightly expanded apically)	Aitkeni
b-	Erect head scales widerly expanded apically	3
3a.	Erect head scales rather broad; Palps as long as proboscis	Alongensis
b-	Erect head scales very broad; Palps shorter than proboscis	Culiciformis

Larva:

1a.	Bases of inner clypeal hairs wider apart and closer to the bases of the outer clypeals than to one onother	Alongensis
b-	Bases of inner clypeal hairs much closer to one another than to the outer clypeals	2
2a.	Frontal hairs branched, beyond the bases of posterior clypeal hairs (4)	3
b-	Frontal hairs simple or branched and then not over the bases of posterior clypeal hairs	Culiciformis
3a.	Posterior clypeal hairs simple	Lindesayi
b-	Posterior clypeal hairs branched	Aitkeni

Pupa:

1a.	Trumpet with the longest axis more or less transverse to the stem, the rim sometimes with a second split opposite to the meatal cleft, or if longest axis not transverse to stem there is a lobe, often complex, on the rim	2
b-	Trumpet with the longest axis usually more or less vertical, no second split, rim simple entire.	Lindersayi
2a.	Hair 1 on V-VII strong, as long as or longer than hair 5, about as long as the segments	Alongensis
b-	Hair 1 on V-VII not so strong, shorter and smaller than hair 5, if more than as long as the segments then with several branches	3
3a.	Hair 5 on V-VII nearly as long as or longer than the segments; trumpet with shallow meatal cleft, meatus more than 1/2 as long as the trumpet	Culiciformis
b-	Hair 5 on V-VII considerably shorter than the segments; trumpet with deep meatal cleft, the meatus 1/3 or less as long as the trumpet.	Aitkeni

Keys for the group of the series Myzohynchus

Characteristics: Mosquito: Costa divided by pale sports. Apex of hind fermur without black and white tuft of scales (femur with subapical pale band or costa with presector pale spot). Pupa: Pupar: Trumpet with the longest axis more or less transverse to the stem, the rim sometimes with a second split opposite to the meatal cleft, or if longest axis not transverse to stem there is a lobe, often complex, on the rim. Larva: Antennal shaft hair shorter than 1/2 the length of antennal shaft.

Mosquito:

1a.	Sternum VII without tuft of black scales	Umbrosus
b-	Sternum VII with tuft of black scales	2
2a.	Palps with pale bands	Hyrcanus
b-	Palps black without pale bands	Barbirostris

Pupa:

1a.	Hind margins of abdominal tergites with small teeth (exept An. baezaiy, trumpet with a lobeon the rim or a very deep secondery cleft	Umbrosus
b-	Hind margins of abdominal tergites without small teeth. Trumpet without a distinct lobe on the rim; secondery cleft if present not very deep	2
2a.	Opening of trumpet very transverse; hair 1 on VII with 15-50 branches	Barbirostris
b-	Opening of trumpet less transverse; hair 1 on VII with 1-13 branches	Hyrcanus

Larva:

1a.	Abdomen without developed palmate hairs, or only on 2 or 3 segments	Umbrosus
b-	Abdomen with fully developed palmate hairs on at least 5 segments	2
2a.	Inner shouder hair (is) with long branches from near the base; palmate hairs on abdomina segment II usually pigmented	Barbirostris
b-	Inner shouder hair simple or with only short branches at the tip; less often from about half way; palmate hairs on abdominal segment II unpigmented	Hyrcanus

Keys to the group of the series Myzomyia

Characteristics: Mosquito: Costa always divided by pale sports into 4 or more dark marks involving both costa and vein 1. Upper proepistemal setae present. Palps with three pale bands; antepronotum without scales. Fore tarsi entirely dark or with only narrow pale bands at tip. Pupa: Paddle hair usually short and straight; lateral spines on V-VII seldom 1/2 as long as the segment. Hair 1 on II with more than 10 branches. Larva: Out clypeal hairs simple or with a few short side branches, not brush-like. Abdominal tergal plates very large, those on segments IV-VII wider than the distance between the bases of each pair of palmate hairs (Subgroup Funestus of group Myzomyia). Abdominal tergal plates not very large, those on segments IV-VII not as wider as the distance between the bases of each pair of palmate hairs. One of the 3 long pleural hairs of the prothorax feathered. Formula for thoracic pleural hairs: branched, simple, branched.

Mosquito:

1a.	Vein 1 usually with accessory pale spot on preapical dark (PD) mark or PD on vein 1 shorter than PD on costa; vein 6 usually with three dark marks and a fringe spot at tip	Jeyporiensis complex, Subgroup culicifacies
b-	Vein 1 usually without accessory pale spot on preapical dark (PD) mark; vein 6 usually with two or three dark marks, without fringe spot at tip	Subgroup Funestus

Pupa:

1a.	Hair 1 on V-VII usually simple	Subgroup culicifacies
b-	Hair 1 on V-VII usually branched	2
2a.	Wing case pigmented	Jeyporiensis complex
b-	Wing case usually unpigmented	Funestus

Larva:

1a.	Abdominal tergal plates very large, those on segments TV-VII wider than the distance between the bases of each pair of palmate hairs	Jeyporiensis complex, Subgroup Culicifacies
b-	Abdominal tergal plates not very large, those on segments IV-VII not as wider as the distance between the bases of each pair of palmate hairs	Funestus

Keys to the group of the serries Neocellia

Characteristics: Mosquito: Costa always divided by pale sports into 4 or more dark marks involving both costa and vein 1. Upper proepisternal setae absent. Pupa: Paddle hair hooked at tip, long and often sinuate; lateral spines on V-VII more than as long as the segment. Hair 1 on II with less than 10 branches. Hair 9 on I small not longer than the segment; may be branched. Larva: Out clypeal hairs with many distal branches, brush-like (Subgroup Annularis of Neocellia group). Abdominal tergal plates not very large, those on segments IV-VII not as wider as the distance between the bases of each pair of palmate hairs. One of the 3 long pleural hairs of the prothorax feathered. Formula for thoracic pleural hairs: branched, branched, branched.

Mosquito:

1a.	Femora, tibiae and tarsus 1 speckled	2
b-	Femora, tibiae and tarsus 1 speckled	Annularis
2a.	The last three hind tarsal segments all white	Jamesi
b-	Only 5th segment all white	Maculatus

Pupa:

1a.	Paddle hair (in normal position) often about 1/3 or more as long as the length of paddle.	Maculatus
b-	Paddle hair (in normal position) usually about 1/4 as long as the length of paddle	Jamesi, Annularis

Larva:

1a.	Out clypeal hairs with many distal branches, brush-like	Annularis
b-	Out clypeal hairs simple or with a few short side branches, not brush-like	Jamesi, Maculatus

Keys to the group of the series Neomyzomyia

Characteristics: Mosquito: Costa always divided by pale sports into 4 or more dark marks involving both costa and vein 1, upper proepistemal setae present. Palps with four or more pale bands; antepronotum with scales. Pupa: Paddle hair usually short and straight; lateral spines on V-VII seldom 1/2 as long as the segment. Larva: Out clypeal hairs simple or with a few short side branches, not brush-like. Abdominal tergal plates not very large, those on segments IV-VII not as wider as the distance between the bases of each pair of palmate hairs. None of the 3 long pleural hairs of the prothorax feathered, all simple. Thoracic pleural hairs completely simple.

Mosquito:

1a.	Tibio-tarsal joint of hindleg with large white bands; proboscis without yellow scales on apical half	Leucosphyrus
b-	Tibio-tarsal joint of hindleg without large white bands; proboscis with yellow scales on apical half	Kochi, Tessellatus

Pupa:

1a.	Lateral spines on VII less than 1/4 as long as the segment	Tessellatus
b-	Lateral spines on VII 1/4-1/3 as long as the segment	2
2a.	Lateral spines on V less than 1/4 as long as the segment; paddle teeth moderate	Kochi
b-	Lateral spines on V more than 1/4 as long as the segment; paddle teeth may be coarse and strong	Leucosphyrus

Larva:

1a.	Root of inner and middle shouder hair with an apical prominent tooth	Tessellatus, Kochi
b-	Root of inner and middle shouder hair without an apical prominent tooth	Leucosphyrus

Group: Aitkenii (Reid & Knight, 1961)

Key to the species of the Aitkenii group

Characteristic: Mosquito: Costa all dark; Erect head scales narrow (only slightly expanded apically). Larva: Bases of inner clypeal hairs much closer to one another than to the outer clypeals, Frontal hairs branched, beyond the bases of posterior clypeal hairs (4); Posterior clypeal hairs branched. Pupa: Pupar: Trumpet with the longest axis more or less transverse to the stem, the rim sometimes with a second split opposite to the meatal cleft, or if longest axis not transverse to stem there is a lobe, often complex, on the rim. Hair 1 on V-VII not so strong, shorter and smaller than hair 5, if more than as long as the segments then with several branches. Hair 5 on V-VII considerably shorter than the segments; trumpet with deep meatal cleft, the meatus 1/3 or less as long as the trumpet.

Mosquito:

1a.	Abdominal segment IV, or IV and V distinctly paler than other segments	2
b-	All abdominal segments unicolorous	3
2a.	Only abdominal segment IV pale	An. palmatus
b-	Abdominal segments IV and V pale	An. aberrans
3a.	Prescutellar space with short fine setae back to scutellum	An. insulaeflorum
b-	Prescutellar space with a distinct median bare area immediately cephalad to scutellum	An. bengalensis

Pupa:

1a.	Lateral spines on V-VII blunt	An. palmatus
b-	Lateral spines on V-VII pointed	2
2a.	Lateral spines on IV 4-6 times as long as the lateral spines on III; lateral spines on VII less than 1/3 as long as the segments	An. insulaeflorum
b-	Lateral spines on IV 8 times as long as or more the lateral spines on III; lateral spines on VII more than 1/3-1/2 as long as the segments	3
3a.	Paddle with refractile border 2/3-3/4 as long as the paddle	An. bengalensis
b-	Paddle with refractile border shorter, seldom 1/2 as long as the paddle	An. aberrans

Larva:

1a.	Posterior clypeal hairs simple	An. lindesayi
b-	Posterior clypeal hairs branched	2
2a	Anterior tergal plates about 3/4 as wide as the abdomen; inner shouder hairs markedly fan-shaped	An. palmatus
b-	Anterior tergal plates small; inner shouder hairs not markedly fan-shaped	3
3a.	Inner clypeal hairs simple; hairs 6 on abdoment III with fewer 15 branches	An. insulaeflorum
b-	Inner clypeal hairs branched; hairs 6 on abdoment Ill with at least 5 branches	4
4a.	Hairs 11 on abdoment II long, simple; hairs 5 on abdominal II with 3-6 branches	An. aberrans
b-	Hairs 11 on abdoment II short, bifid or with distal branches; hairs 5 on abdoment II with more branches	An. bengalensis

Group Lindesayi (Reid & Knight, 1961) (Harrison et al., 1991)

Characteristics: Mosquito: Costa divided by pale sports. Pupa: Trumpet with the longest axis usually more or less vertical, no second split, rim simple entire. Larva: Bases of inner clypeal hairs much closer to one another than to the outer clypeals. Frontal hairs branched, beyond the bases of posterior clypeal hairs (4). Posterior clypeal hairs simple.

Keys to the species of the series Lindesayi

Mosquito:

1a.	Hindfemur with a broad subapical pale band	An. lindesayi spp.
b-	Hindfemur without a broad subapical pale band	2
2a.	Costa with a broad presector pale spot	3
b-	Costa without a broad presector pale spot or with only narrow spot	Myzohynchus
3a.	Mid fermur with a broad pale spot at apex; vein 6 without pale spot in the middle; without fring pale spot at tip of vein 3	An. baileyi
b-	Mid fermur without a broad pale spot at apex; vein 6 with pale spot in the middle; fring with pale spot at tip of vein 3	An. gigas

Pupa:

1a.	Trumpet very broad and rounded	An. baileyi, An. gigas
a-	Trumpet not so broad and rounded. Paddle somewhat elongate, usually about 1.75 times as long as wide; hair 5 on V-VII strong and hair 1 weak; lobes of male genital pouch always obtuse, not ending in a knob. Lateral spine VII simple and not hooked at the tip hair 1 on V-VII strong, as long as or longer than hair 5, about as long as the segments. Hair 5 on V-VII with several branches. Hair 5 on V-VII with less than 8 branches	An. lindesayi

Larva:

1a.	Palmate hairs of abdomen II undeveloped.	An. baileyi, An. gigas spp.
b-	Palmate hairs of abdomen II developed	2
2a.	Posterior clypeal hairs simple	An. lindesayi
b-	Posterior clypeal hairs branched	Aitkeni

Group Alongensis Phan, Manh, Hỉnh & Vien, 1991

Characteristics: Mosquito: Costa all dark. Erect head scales widerly expanded apically. Erect head scales rather broad; Palps as long as proboscis. Pupa: Pupar: Trumpet with the longest axis more or less transverse to the stem, the rim sometimes with a second split opposite to the meatal cleft, or if longest axis not transverse to stem there is a lobe, often complex, on the rim. Hair 1 on V-VII strong, as long as or longer than hair 5, about as long as the segments. Larva: Bases of inner clypeal hairs wider apart and closer to the bases of the outer clypeals than to one onother.

Keys to the species of group Alongensis

Mosquito:

1a.	Propleural with 3 setae	An. alongensis
b-	Propleural with 1 seta	An. cucphuongensis

Pupa:

1a.	Hair 5 on V-VII simple or bifit	An. alongensis
b-	Hair 5 on V-VII with several branches	2
2a.	Hair 5 on V-VII with more than 10 branches	An. cucphuongensis
b-	Hair 5 on V-VII with less than 8 branches	An. lindesayi

Larva:

1a.	All clypeal hairs simple; frontal hairs short, not to the bases of posterior clypeal hairs; metathoracic hair 3 palmate-like	An. alongensis
b-	Outer and posterior clypeal hairs with short fine side branches; frontal hairs longer, over the base of posterior clypeal hairs; metathoracic hair 3 feather-like	An. cucphuongensis

Series Lophoscelomyia (Edwards, 1932)

Characteristics: Mosquito: Costa all dark. Apex of hind fermur with conspicuous tuft of white scales preceded by tuft of black scales. Pupa: Trumpet with the longest axis usually more or less vertical, no second split, rim simple entire. Lateral spine VII unbranched and hooked at the tip or slightly freyed. Larva: Antennal shaft hair longer than 1/2 the length of antennal shaft. Frontal hairs simple or branched and then not over the bases of posterior clypeal hairs.

Keys to the species of the series Lophoscelomyi

Mosquito:

1a.	Wing without pale fringe spot at tip of vein 3; costa usually with an subcosta pale spot extanding on to vein. White tuft of scales narrower at apex of hind fermur	An. asiaticus
b-	Wing usually with pale fringe sport at tip of vein 3; costa usually without subcosta pale spot on to vein. White tuft of scales larger at apex of hind fermur	An. interruptus

Pupa:

1a.	Lateral spine VII slightly freyed	An. asiaticus
b-	Lateral spine VII unbranched and hooked at the tip	An. interruptus

Larva:

1a.	Subantennal hairs, out clypeal hairs, hairs 6 on abdomen IV simple; palmate hairs on abdomen II undeveloped	An. asiaticus
b-	Subantennal hairs, out clypeal hairs, hairs 6 on abdomen IV branched; palmate hairs on abdomen II developed	An. interruptus

Series Myzorhynchus (Edwards, 1932)

Characteristics: Mosquito: Costa divided by pale sports not more than 3 dark marks involving both costa and vein 1. Apex of hind fermur without black and white tuft of scales (femur with subapical pale band or costa with presector pale spot). Pupar: Trumpet with the longest axis more or less transverse to the stem, the rim sometimes with a second split opposite to the meatal cleft, or if longest axis not transverse to stem there is a lobe, often complex, on the rim. Larva: Antennal shaft hair shorter than 1/2 the length of antennal shaft.

Group Barbirostris (Reid, 1962)

Characteristics: Mosquito: Sternum VII with tuft of black scales. Palps black without pale bands. Pupa: Hind margins of abdominal tergites without small teeth. Trumpet without a distinct lobe on the rim; secondery cleft if present not very deep. Larva: Abdomen with fully developed palmate hairs on at least 5 segments. Inner shouder hair (is) with long branches from near the base; palmate hairs on abdomina segment II usually pigmented.

Keys to the species of the group Barbirostris

Mosquito:

1a.	Lower pale fringe spot at apex of wing wide, extanding at least from vein 3 to 4.1; no white scales on the underside of abdominal segments II-VI	An. barbumbrosus
b-	Lower pale fringe spot at apex of wing narrow at vein 3 only; with at least a few white scales on the underside of abdominal segments II-VI	2
2a.	With three apical fringe spots, the middle one at 2.1; mid tarsi with narrow pale bands	An. donaldi
b-	With only two apical fringe spots, no spot at 2.1; mid tarsi often unbanded	3
3a.	Sternites of abdominal segments II-VI with fewer white scales; wing pattern paler, usually less than half the scales dark between the basal dark mark on 5 and the apical dark mark on 5.2	An. barbirostris
b-	White scales on sternites II-VI numerous; wing pattern darker, usually more than half the scales dark between the basal dark mark on 5 and the apical dark mark on 5.2	An. campestris

Pupa:

1a.	Lateral spine VII black, 7 or 8 X as long as thick	An. barbumbrosus
b-	Lateral spine VII brown, shorter 4 to 6 X as long as thick	2
2a.	Sum of the branches on both abd. hairs 2,VI is 17-38	An. campestris
b-	Sum of the branches on both abd. hairs 2, VI is 5-16	3
3a.	Sum of the branches on both abd. hairs 2, III is 11-19	An. barbirostris
b-	Sum of the branches on both abd. hairs 2, III is 8-11	An. donaldi

Larva:

1a.	Out clypeal hair with 12-27 branches	An. barbumbrosus
b-	Out clypeal hair with 41 or more branches	2
2a.	Difference between the sum of the branches on both abdominal hairs 13, III and the sum oflhe branches on both hairs 5, VII is 0-10	An. barbirostris
b-	Difference between the sum of the branches on both abdominal hairs 13, III and the sum of the branches on both hairs 5, VII is 9-23	3
3a.	Sum of the branches on both abdominal hairs 13,1 is 27-45	An. campestris
b-	Sum of the branches on both abdominal hairs 13,1 is 18-26	An. donaldi

Keys to the species of the group Hyrcanus

1a.	Hind tarsi with broad pale bands, at least one tarsomere with a basal pale band or patch	2
b-	Hind tarsi with apical pale bands only	6
2a.	Basal dark mark on wing vein 5 short, separated by own length or more from upper dark mark on vein	3
b-	Basal dark mark on wing vein 5 long, approaching within own length or less of the upper dark mark on vein 6	4
3a.	Humeral crossvein with dark scales; base of costa usually with small humeral pale spot	An. nitidus
b-	Humeral crossvein bare; base of costa usually without humeral pale spot	An. monstrosus
4a.	Hind-tarsal pale band very broad, third band more than 3/4 as long as 4th sergment; fourth band more than 1/2 5th segment; no pale scales on vein 1 between subcostal and preapical pale spot; basal dark mark on vein 5 with only some of pale scales	An. argyropus
b-	Hind-tarsal pale band seldom so broad, third band less than 3/4 as long as 4th segment; 4“ band less than 1/2 5th segment; there are pale scales on vein 1 between subcostal and preapical pale spot; basal dark mark on vein 5 with numerous pale scales	5
5a.	Humeral crossvein with dark scales; base of costa with pale scales; there are some pale scales on vein 1 between subcostal and preapical pale spot	An. nigerimus
b-	Humeral crossvein without dark scales; base of costa without pale scales; there are numerous pale scales on vein 1 between subcostal and preapical pale spot	An. peditaeniatus
6a.	Apical fringe spot short, extending at most between vein	7
b-	Apical fringe spot not or only a little short, extending end of vein 1 or 2.1 at least far as 3	9
7a.	Humeral crossvein with a few dark scales; mid coxae with a patch of pale scales	An. pursati
b-	Humeral crossvein bare; mid coxae without a patch of pale scales	8
8a.	Basal dark mark on vein 5 fairly long commonly separated by less than its own length from the upper dark mark on vein 6	An. paraliae
b-	Basal dark mark on vein 5 short separated by its own length or moe from the upper dark mark on vein 6	An. vietnamensis
9a.	Basal dark mark length on vein 5 longer than distance from it to basal dark mark on vein 6; humeral crossvein with dark scales	An. nimpe
b-	Basal dark mark length on vein 5 less than distance from it to basal dark mark on vein 6; humeral crossvein without dark scale or some grey scales only	10
10a.	Without pale scales on vein 1 between subcostal and preapical pale spot	11
b-	With pale scales on vein 1 between subcostal and preapical pale spot	12
11a.	Costa without pale scales on basal	An. crawfordi
b-	Costa with an interruption by pale scales on basal	An. dangi
12a.	Hind tarsi without pale bands or with only very narrow pale bands; without fringe pale spot at tip of vein 5.2	An. lesteri
b-	Hind tarsi with obvious pale bands; Vein 5.2 usually with fringe pale spot at tip	An. sinensis

Series Myzomyia (Christophers, 1924)

Characteristics: Mosquito: Upper proepistemal setae present. Palps with three pale bands; antepronotum without scales. Fore tarsi entirely dark or with only narrow pale bands at tip. Pupa: Paddle hair hooked at tip, long and often sinuate; lateral spines on V-VII more than as long as the segment. Hair 1 on II with more than 10 branches. Larva: Out clypeal hairs simple or with a few short side branches, not brush-like. Abdominal tergal plates very large, those on segments IV-VII wider than the distance between the bases of each pair of palmate hairs (Subgroup Funestus of group Myzomyia). Abdominal tergal plates not very large, those on segments IV-VII not as wider as the distance between the bases of each pair of palmate hairs. One of the 3 long pleural hairs of the prothorax feathered. Formula for thoracic pleural hairs: branched, simple, branched.

Keys to the species of the series Myzomyia

Mosquito:

1a.	Vein 1 usually with accessory pale spot on preapical dark (PD) mark or PD on vein 1 shorter than PD on costa; vein 6 usually with three dark marks and a fringe spot at tip	An. jeyporiensis
b-	Vein 1 usually without accessory pale spot on preapical dark (PD) mark; vein 6 usually with two or three dark marks, without fringe spot at tip	2
2a.	Base of vein 1 with only pale or cream scales	3
b-	Base of vein 1 with only grey or dark scales	5
3a.	Outer half of proboscis markedly yellow; vein 6 usually with three dark marks and a fringe spot	An. aconitus
b-	Outer half of proboscis dark or with only some pale scales on ventral; vein 6 usually with two dark marks and without fringe spot	4
4a.	Costa with presector pale marks; vein 5.1 with two dark marks on apical half; proboscis usually all dark	An. minimus
b-	Costa without presector pale marks; vein 5.1 with a long dark marks on apical half; proboscis with some pale scales on ventral	An. varuna
5a.	Vein 3 entirely dark; Palps with preapical pale band longer than apical pale band	An. culicifacies
b-	Vein 3 entirely pale except two small dark mark: one at base and one at tip; Palps with preapical pale band as long as or shorter than apical pale band	An. pampanai

Pupa:

1a.	Hair 1 on V-VII usually simple	An. minimus; An. culicifacies
b-	Hair 1 on V-VII usually branched	2
2a.	Wing case pigmented	An jeyporiensis
b-	Wing case usually unpigmented	3
3a.	Lateral spines on IV sharp	An. aconitus
b-	Lateral spines on IV blunt	4
4a.	Border teeth not extending to the paddle hair; hair 7 on III with 5-9 branches; hair 7- IV with 5-6 branches; hair 4-IV 4-6 branches	An. pampanai
b-	Border teeth more or less extending to the paddle hair; hair 7 on III with 2-5 branches; hair 7-IV with 1-5 branches; hair 4-IV 1-4 branches	An. varuna

Larva:

1a.	Clypeal hairs completely frayed	An. aconitus
b-	Clypeal hairs completely simple	2
2a.	Anterior tergal plates on II usually sharply concave behind; hair 0 simple and arising well inside the margin of anterior tergal plates	An. pampanai
b-	Anterior tergal plates on II not so	3
3a.	Hair 0 on IV-VH usually arising well outside the margin of anterior tergal plates; with up to 5 branches	An. minimus
b-	Hair 0 on TV-VII usually simple, arising well inside the margin of anterior tergal plates	An. varuna

Series Neocellia (Christophers, 1924)

Characteristics: Mosquito: Costa always divided by pale sports into 4 or more dark marks involving both costa and vein 1. Upper proepistemal setae absent. Pupa: Paddle hair hooked at tip, long and often sinuate; lateral spines on V-VII more than as long as the segment. Hair 1 on II with less than 10 branches. Hair 9 on I small not longer than the segment; may be branched. Larva: Out clypeal hairs with many distal branches, brush-like (Subgroup Annularis of group Neocelia). Out clypeal hairs simple or with a few short side branches, not brush-like. Abdominal tergal plates not very large, those on segments TV-VII not as wider as the distance between the bases of each pair of palmate hairs. One of the 3 long pleural hairs of the prothorax feathered. Formula for thoracic pleural hairs: branched, branched, branched.

Keys to the species of the series Neocellia

1a.	Femora, tibiae and tarsus 1 speckled	2
b-	Femora, tibiae and tarsus 1 not speckled	11
2a.	Hind tarsi with only narrow pale bands; 5th segment dark	An. stephensi
b-	Hind tarsi with broad pale bands; at least 5th segment all white	3
3a.	The last three hind tarsal segments all white	4
b-	Only 5th segment all white	6
4a.	Palps with last two pale bands broad and subequal, segment II with some distinct pale spots; wing vein 3 usually with four dark marks	An. splendidus
b-	Palps with apical pale band broad but subapical one narrow, segment II without pale spots wing vein 3 usually with three dark marks	5
5a.	Tergite VII-VIII with pale golden scales; vein 5 usually without dark mark at the fork.	An. jamesi
b-	Tergite VII-VIII without golden scales though with some black lateral and white median ones; vein 5 with a dark mark at the fork	An. pseudojamesi
6a.	Abdominal terga II-IV without pale scales	7
b-	Abdominal terga II-IV with pale scales	8
7a.	Abdominal terga V-VIII with pale scales	An. maculatus
b-	Only abdominal terga VIII with pale scales	An. pseudowillmori
8a.	Vein 2 with a dark mark at the fork	9
b-	Vein 2 without dark mark at the fork	10
9a.	Posterolateral comers of abdominal terga IV-VII with a line by dark scales	An. notanandai
b-	Posterolateral comers of abdominal terga IV-VII with only some dark scales	An. sawadwongpomi
10a.	Vein 3 with two dark marks at the base and tip	An. willmori
b-	Vein 3 with three dark marks	An. dravidicus
11a.	Palps with four pale bands; hind tarsi with broad pale bands; only the 5th segment all white	An. karwari
b-	Palps with three pale bands; Hind tarsi with 3th, 4th and 5th all white	12
12a.	Vein 5 with a dark mark at the fork	An. annularis
b-	Vein 5 without dark mark at the fork	13
13a.	Presector dark mark on vein 1 usually reaching back as far as or overlapping distal end of humeral dark mark on costa	An. nivipes
b-	Presector dark mark on vein 1 not usually reaching back as far as or overlapping distal end of humeral dark mark on costa	An. philippinensis

Pupa:

1a.	Hair 1 on V-VII usually branched	An. splendidus
b-	Hair 1 on V-VII usually simple or with only very few branches	2
2a.	Spine IV usually less than 1/10 as long as the segment; refractile border of paddle extending nearly the base of hair 1	An. karwari
b-	Spine IV 1/5 or more as long as the segment; refractile border not so	3
3a.	Paddle hair (in normal position) often about 1/3 or more as long as the length of paddle	4
b-	Paddle hair (in normal position) usually about 1/4 as long as the length of paddle	9
4a.	Spine III usually 1/2 or more as long as spine IV; paddle with less than 10 fringe teeth	An. philippinensis
b-	Spine III usually less than 1/2 as long as spine IV; paddle with more than 10 fringe teeth	5
5a.	Paddle about 1.2 as long as wide; refractile border about 1/2 as long as paddle	An. notanandai
b-	Paddle about 1.4-1.6 as long as wide	6
6a.	Spine IV usually about 1/8-1/10 as long as spine V; paddle about 1.6 as long as wide; refractile border of paddle about 2/5 as long as paddle	An. pseudowillmori
b-	Spine IV usually not so	7
7a.	Paddle about 1.5 as long as wide; refractile border about 3/5 as long as paddle; spine IV usually about 1/3-1/4 as long as spine V	An. willmori
b-	Paddle about 1.4 as long as wide; refractile border about 1/3-2/5 as long as paddle; spine IV usually about 1/5 as long as spine V	8
8a.	Refractile border about 2/5 as long as paddle	An. sawadwongpomi
b-	Refractile border about 1/3 as long as paddle	An. maculatus; An. dravidicus
9a.	Spine VII more than 1/2 as long as the segment	An. stephensi
b-	Spine VII about or less than 1/2 as long as the segment	10
10a.	Hair 2 on VII usually simple; trumpet with meatus about 1/3 its length	An. pseudojamesi
b-	Hair 2 on VII usually 2-4 branches; trumpet with meatus about 1/4 its length	11
11a.	Hair 9 on I usually 3 branched; spine IV usually about 2/3-3/4 as long as spine V; refractile border of paddle with ordinary teeth distally	An. annularis
b-	Hair 9 on I usually simple or bifid; spine IV usually about 1/2-2/3 as long as spine V; refractile border of paddle with distal fringe teeth having filamentous ends	12
12a.	Paddle hair rather strongly coiled	An.jamesi
b-	Paddle hair hooked but not coiled	An. nivipes

Larva:

1a.	Out clypeal hairs with many distal branches, brush-like	2
b-	Out clypeal hairs simple or with a few short side branches, not brush-like	5
2a.	Sutural hair simple, sometimes bifid distally	3
b-	Sutural hair split near the base into 2-10 branches	4
3a.	Palmate hair on abdominal segment I developed	An. annularis
b-	Palmate hair on abdominal segment I undeveloped	An. jamesi
4a.	Filaments of palmate hairs usually about half as long as the blades which are usually lightly and evenly pigmented	An. nivipes
b-	Filaments of palmate hairs commonly about 1/3 as long as the blades which freqently have a mottled partem distaly	An. philippinensis
5a.	Abdominal tergal plates very large, those on segments IV-VII wider than the distance between the bases of each pair of palmate hairs	Myzomyia series
b-	Abdominal tergal plates not very large, those on segments IV-VII not as wider as the distance between the bases of each pair of palmate hairs	6
6a.	Inner shouder hair small, usually with less than 15 branches	An. pseudojamesi
b-	Inner shouder hair larger, often with more than 15 branches	7
7a.	Sutural hair usually with 2-4 branches, seldom simple	An. splendidus
b-	Sutural hair usually simple, seldom 2 branches, simple	8
8a.	Lateral hairs on abd. segm. V and VI with 6-16 branches, filamen of palmate hairs blunt-ended	An. karwari
b-	Lateral hairs on abd. segm. V and VI with 3-6 branches, filamen of palmate hairs sharply pointed	9
9a.	Palmate hair on abdominal segment II fairly well developed with obvious leaflets	10
b-	Palmate hair on abdominal segment II fairly well developed but none obvious leaflets	11
10a.	Palmate hair on abdominal segments III-VII delicate; the leafts pigmented from the base to the tip, with the filaments as long as 1/2 the blades	An. willmori
b-	Palmate hair on abdominal segments III-VII not so; the leafts pigmented only on the base and the tip, with the filaments as long as 1/3 the blades	An. dravidicus
11a.	Anterior tergal plates on abdominal segments III-VII small, the width as long as 3,5-4 the length; filaments of palmate hair on abdominal segments III-VII as long as 1/3 the blade	An. maculatus
b-	Anterior tergal plates on abdominal segments III-VII bigger, the width as long as 2,5 the length; filaments of palmate hair on abdominal segments III-VII as long as 1/4-1/5 the blade	12
12a.	Filaments of palmate hair on abdominal segments II-V thin and pointed, as long as 1/2 the blade; pigment scattered on the distal half	An. pseudowiilmori
b-	Filaments of palmate hair on abdominal segments II-V not so, as long as 1/5 the blade; pigment of whichs unclear	13
13a.	Mesothoracic hair 4 usually with 5 branches; postterior tergal plate on abdominal segments peanut-like, close behind anterior one	An. notanandai
b-	Mesothoracic hair 4 usually with 3 branches; postterior tergal plate on abdominal segments small and round, was hides by anterior one	An. sawadwongporni

Keys to the species of the series Neomyzomyia

Mosquito:

1a.	Tibio-tarsal joint of hindleg with large white bands; proboscis without yellow scales on apical half	2
b-	Tibio-tarsal joint of hindleg without large white bands; proboscis with yellow scales on apical half	3
2a.	Presector dark mark on vein 1 usually reaching back at least to the middle of presector pale mark on costa	An. dirus
b-	Tibio-tarsal joint of hindleg without large white bands; proboscis with yellow scales on apical half	An. takasagoensis
3a.	Underside of abdomen segments II-VII with a tuft of dark scales; hind tarsi with broad palebands	An. kochi
b-	Underside of abdomen segments II-VII without dark scales; hind tarsi with narrow pale bands	An. tessellatus

Pupa:

1a.	Lateral spines on VII less than 1/4 as long as the segment.	An. tessellatus
b-	Lateral spines on VII1/4-1 /3 as long as the segment	2
2a.	Lateral spines on V less than 1/4 as long as the segment; paddle teeth moderate	An. kochi
b-	Lateral spines on V more than 1/4 as long as the segment; paddle teeth may be coarse and strong	3
3a.	Hair 1 on V-VII usually branched	An. dirus
b-	Hair 1 on V-VII usually simple	An. takasagoensis

Larva:

1a.	Root of inner and middle shouder hair with an apical prominent tooth	2
b-	Root of inner and middle shouder hair without an apical prominent tooth	3
2a.	Root of inner shouder hair not joined to root of middle hair; the pecten with long teeth unpigmented, Oder unregulated	An. dirus
b-	Root of inner shouder hair usually joined to root of middle hair; the pecten with long teeth pigmented, Oder regularly	An. takasagoensis
3a.	Inner shouder hair with 7-10 branches	An. kochi
b-	Inner shouder hair with 2-5 branches	An. tessellatus

Series Pyretophorus (Edwards, 1932)

Characteristics: Mosquito: Costa always divided by pale sports into 4 or more dark marks involving both costa and vein 1. Upper proepistemal setae present. Palps with three pale bands; antepronotum without scales. Fore tarsi with faftly broad pale bands; the bases of the tarsal segment with pale bands. Pupa: Trumpet not so broad and round. Paddle somewhat elongate, usually about 1.75 times as long as wide; hair 5 on V-VII strong and hair 1 weak; lobes of male genital pouch always obtuse, not ending in a knob. Paddle hair hooked at tip, long and often sinuate; lateral spines on V-VII more than as long as the segment. Hair 1 on II with more than 10 branches. Hair 9 on I long and simple about twice as long as the segment. Larva: Out clypeal hairs simple or with a few short side branches, not brush-like. Abdominal tergal plates not very large, those on segments IV-VII not as wider as the distance between the bases of each pair of palmate hairs. None of the 3 long pleural hairs of the prothorax feathered, all simple. Thoracic pleural hairs uncompleted simple.

Keys to the species of the series Pyretophorus

Mosquito:

1a.	Femora and tibiae spekled	An. epiroticu
b-	Femora and tibiae not spekled	2
2a.	Palps with preapical dark band usually a quarter or less as long as apical pale band; proboscis with pale mark towards the end	An. vagus
b-	Palps with preapical dark band usually a third or more as long as apical pale band; proboscis usually dark	3
3a.	Palps with preapical dark band usually more than half apical pale band, and three times as long as preapical pale band	An. subpictus
b-	Palps with preapical dark band usually less than half apical pale band, and approximate preapical pale band	An. indefinites

Pupa:

1a.	Hair 6 on IV usually simple nearly as long as the segment	An. vagus
b-	Hair 6 on IV usually 2-4 branches about 2/3 or less as long as the segment	2
2a.	Sum of the branches on both abdoment hair 2, VII less than 6; paddle about 1.3-1.4 as long as wide	An. subpictus
b-	Sum of the branches on both abdoment hair 2, VII more than 6; paddle about 1.5-1.6 as long as wide	An. indefinites; An. epiroticus

Larva:

1a.	Out clypeal hairs short, about 1/3 as long as inner, posterior also short and placed far forward and close together	An. vagus
b-	Out clypeal hairs 1/2 or more as long as inner, posterior nearly as long and placed far back and wide apart	2
2a.	Mesothoracic hair split into 3-4 branches from near base	An. epiroticus
b-	Mesothoracic hair with 2 branches, if third branch present it arise about half way along one of other branches	3
3a.	Abdominal palmate hairs on I seldom with less than 8 leaflets; inner shouder hairs more than 12 branches	An. indefinites
b-	Abdominal palmate hairs on I seldom with more than 6 branches; inner shouder hair less than 12 branches	An. subpictus

Group Aitkenii (Reid & Knight, 1961)

1. Anopheles aberrans Harrison & Scanlon, 1975

Mostquito: Costa all dark. Erect head scales narrow (only slightly expanded apically). Abdominal segment IV, or IV and V distinctly Paler than other segments. Only abdominal segment IV pale. 

Pupa: Trumpet with the longest axis usually more or less vertical, no second split, rim simple entire. Trumpet not so broad and rounded. Paddle somewhat elongate, usually about 1.75 times as long as wide; hair 5 on V-VII strong and hair 1 weak; lobes of male genital pouch always obtuse, not ending in a knob. Lateral spine VII simple and not hooked at the tip. Hair 1 on V-VII not so strong, shorter and smaller than hair 5, if more than as long as the segments then with several branches. Hair 5 on V-VII considerably shorter than the segments; trumpet with deep meatal cleft, the meatus 1/3 or less as long as the trumpet. Lateral spines on V-VII pointed. Lateral spines on IV 8 times as long as or more the lateral spines on III; lateral spines on VII more than 1/3-1/2 as long as the segments. Paddle with refractile border shorter, seldom 1/2 as long as the paddle).

Larva: Bases of inner clypeal hairs much closer to one another than to the outer clypeals; antennal shaft hair branched. Antennal shaft hair shorter than 1/2 the length of antennal shaft. Frontal hairs branched, beyond the bases of posterior clypeal hairs. Palmate hairs of abdomen II developed. Posterior clypeal hairs branched. Anterior tergal plates small; inner shouder hairs not markedly fan-shaped. Inner clypeal hairs branched; hairs 6 on abdoment. Ill with at least 15 branches. Hairs 11 on abdoment II long, simple; hairs 5 on abdominal II with 3-6 branches.

2. Anopheles bengalensis Puri, 1930

Mosquito: Costa all dark. Erect head scales narrow (only slightly expanded apically). All abdominal segments unicolorous. Prescutellar space with a distinct median bare area immediately cephalad to scutellum.

Pupa: Trumpet with the longest axis usually more or less vertical, no second split, rim simple entire. Trumpet not so broad and rounded. Paddle somewhat elongate, usually about 1.75 times as long as wide; hair 5 on V-VII strong and hair 1 weak; lobes of male genital pouch always obtuse, not ending in a knob. Lateral spine VII simple and not hooked at the tip. Hair 1 on V-VII not so strong, shorter and smaller than hair 5, if more than as long as the segments then with several branches. Hair 5 on V-VII considerably shorter than the segments; trumpet with deep meatal cleft, the meatus 1/3 or less as long as the trumpet. Lateral spines on V-VII pointed. Lateral spines on IV 8 times as long as or more the lateral spines on III; lateral spines on VII more than 1/3-1/2 as long as the segments. Paddle with refractile border 2/3-3/4 as long as the paddle.

Larva: Bases of inner clypeal hairs much closer to one another than to the outer clypeals; antennal shaft hair branched. Antennal shaft hair shorter than 1/2 the length of antennal shaft. Frontal hairs branched, beyond the bases of posterior clypeal hairs. Palmate hairs of abdomen II developed. Posterior clypeal hairs branched. Anterior tergal plates small; inner shouder hairs not markedly fan-shaped. Inner clypeal hairs branched; hairs 6 on abdoment. Ill with at least 15 branches. Hairs 11 on abdoment II short, bifid or with distal branches; hairs 5 on abdoment II with more branches.

3. Anopheles insulaeflorum (Swellengrebel & Swellengrebel de Graaf, 1919)

Mosquito: Costa all dark. Erect head scales narrow (only slightly expanded apically). All abdominal segments unicolorous. Prescutellar space with short fine setae back to scutellum. Hair 5 on V-VII considerably shorter than the segments; trumpet with deep meatal cleft, the meatus 1/3 or less as long as the trumpet.

Pupa: Trumpet with the longest axis usually more or less vertical, no second split, rim simple entire. Trumpet not so broad and rounded. Paddle somewhat elongate, usually about 1.75 times as long as wide; hair 5 on V-VII strong and hair 1 weak; lobes of male genital pouch always obtuse, not ending in a knob. Lateral spine VII simple and not hooked at the tip. Hair 1 on V-VII not so strong, shorter and smaller than hair 5, if more than as long as the segments then with several branches. Hair 5 on V-VII considerably shorter than the segments; trumpet with deep meatal cleft, the meatus 1/3 or less as long as the trumpet. Lateral spines on V-VII pointed. Lateral spines on IV 4-6 times as long as the lateral spines on III; lateral spines on VII less than 1/3 as long as the segments.

Larva: Bases of inner clypeal hairs much closer to one another than to the outer clypeals; antennal shaft hair branched. Antennal shaft hair shorter than 1/2 the length of antennal shaft. Frontal hairs branched, beyond the bases of posterior clypeal hairs. Palmate hairs of abdomen II developed. Posterior clypeal hairs branched. Anterior tergal plates small; inner shouder hairs not markedly fan-shaped. Inner clypeal hairs simple; hairs 6 on abdoment III with fewer 15 branches.

4. Anopheles palmatus (Rodenwaldt, 1926)

Mosquito: Costa all dark. Erect head scales narrow (only slightly expanded apically). Abdominal segment IV, or rv and V distinctly paler than other segments. Only abdominal segment IV pale.

Pupa: Trumpet with the longest axis usually more or less vertical, no second split, rim simple entire. Trumpet not so broad and rounded. Paddle somewhat elongate, usually about 1.75 times as long as wide; hair 5 on V-VII strong and hair 1 weak; lobes of male genital pouch always obtuse, not ending in a knob. Lateral spine VII simple and not hooked at the tip. Hair 1 on V-VII not so strong, shorter and smaller than hair 5, if more than as long as the segments then with several branches. Hair 5 on V-VII considerably shorter than the segments; trumpet with deep meatal cleft, the meatus 1/3 or less as long as the trumpet. Lateral spines on V-VII blunt.

Larva: Bases of inner clypeal hairs much closer to one another than to the outer clypeals; antennal shaft hair branched. Antennal shaft hair shorter than 1/2 the length of antennal shaft. Frontal hairs branched, beyond the bases of posterior clypeal hairs. Palmate hairs of abdomen II developed. Posterior clypeal hairs branched. Anterior tergal plates about 3/4 as wide as the abdomen; inner shouder hairs markedly fan-shaped.

Group Culiciformis (Reid & Knight, 1961)

5. Anopheles sintonoides Ho, 1938

Mosquito: Costa all dark. Erect head scales widerly expanded apically. Erect head scales very broad; Palps shorter than proboscis.

Pupa: Trumpet with the longest axis usually more or less vertical, no second split, rim simple entire. Trumpet not so broad and rounded. Paddle somewhat elongate, usually about 1.75 times as long as wide; hair 5 on V-VII strong and hair 1 weak; lobes of male genital pouch always obtuse, not ending in a knob. Lateral spine VII simple and not hooked at the tip. Hair 1 on V-VII not so strong, shorter and smaller than hair 5, if more than as long as the segments then with several branches. Hair 5 on V-VII nearly as long as or longer than the segments; trumpet with shallow meatal cleft, meatus more than 1/2 as long as the trumpet.

Larva: Bases of inner clypeal hairs much closer to one another than to the outer clypeals; antennal shaft hair branched. Antennal shaft hair shorter than 1/2 the length of antennal shaft. Frontal hairs simple or branched and then not over the bases of posterior clypeal hairs. Subantennal hairs (11) stout, shorter than antenna, with numerous distal branches; all the frontal hairs shorter and branched.

Group Lindesayi (Reid & Knight, 1961)

Complex Gigas (Harison, Rattanarithikul, Peyton & Mongkolpanya, 1991)

6. Anopheles baileyi Edwards, 1929

Mosquito: Costa divided by pale sports not more than 3 dark marks involving both costa and vein 1. Apex of hind fermur without black and white tuft of scales (femur with subapical pale band or costa with presector pale spot). Hind femur without a broad subapical pale band. Costa with a broad presector pale spot. Mid fermur with a broad pale spot at apex; vein 6 without pale spot in the middle; without fring pale spot at tip of vein 3.

Pupa: Trumpet with the longest axis usually more or less vertical, no second split, rim simple entire. Trumpet very broad and rounded.

Larva: Bases of inner clypeal hairs much closer to one another than to the outer clypeals; antennal shaft hair branched. Antennal shaft hair shorter than 1/2 the length of antennal shaft. Frontal hairs branched, beyond the bases of posterior clypeal hairs. Palmate hairs of abdomen II undeveloped.

7. Anopheles gigas Giles, 1901

Mosquito: Costa divided by pale sports not more than 3 dark marks involving both costa and vein 1. Apex of hind fermur without black and white tuft of scales (femur with subapical pale band or costa with presector pale spot). Hind femur without a broad subapical pale band. Costa with a broad presector pale spot. Mid fermur without a broad pale spot at apex; vein 6 with pale spot in the middle; fring with pale spot at tip of vein 3.

Pupa: Trumpet with the longest axis usually more or less vertical, no second split, rim simple entire. Trumpet very broad and rounded.

Larva: Bases of inner clypeal hairs much closer to one another than to the outer clypeals; antennal shaft hair branched. Antennal shaft hair shorter than 1/2 the length of antennal shaft. Frontal hairs branched, beyond the bases of posterior clypeal hairs. Palmate hairs of abdomen II undeveloped.

Complex Lindesayi (Harison, Rattanarithikul, Peyton & Mongkolpanya, 1991)

8. Anopheles lindesayi Giles, 1900

Mosquito: Costa divided by pale sports not more than 3 dark marks involving both costa and vein 1. Apex of hind fermur without black and white tuft of scales (femur with subapical pale band or costa with presector pale spot). Hind femur with a broad subapical pale band. 

Pupa: Trumpet with the longest axis usually more or less vertical, no second split, rim simple entire. Trumpet not so broad and rounded. Paddle somewhat elongate, usually about 1.75 times as long as wide; hair 5 on V-VII strong and hair 1 weak; lobes of male genital pouch always obtuse, not ending in a knob. Lateral spine VII simple and not hooked at the tip. Hair 1 on V-VII strong, as long as or longer than hair 5, about as long as the segments. Hair 5 on V-VII with several branches. Hair 5 on V-VII with less than 8 branches.

Larva: Bases of inner clypeal hairs much closer to one another than to the outer clypeals; antennal shaft hair branched. Antennal shaft hair shorter than 1/2 the length of antennal shaft. Frontal hairs branched, beyond the bases of posterior clypeal hairs. Palmate hair of abdomen II developed. Posterior clypeal hairs branched. Posterior clypeal hairs simple.

Group Alongensis Phan, Manh, Hinh & Vien, 1991

9. Anopheles alongensis Venhuis, 1940

Mosquito: Costa divided by pale sports not more than 3 dark marks involving both costa and vein 1. rect head scales widerly expanded apically. Erect head scales rather broad; Palps as long as proboscis. Propleural with 3 setae.

Pupa: Trumpet with the longest axis usually more or less vertical, no second split, rim simple entire. Trumpet not so broad and rounded. Paddle somewhat elongate, usually about 1.75 times as long as wide; hair 5 on V-VII strong and hair 1 weak; lobes of male genital pouch always obtuse, not ending in a knob. Lateral spine VII simple and not hooked at the tip. Hair 1 on V-VII strong, as long as or longer than hair 5, about as long as the segments. Hair 5 on V-VII simple or bifit.

Larva: Bases of inner clypeal hairs much closer to one another than to the outer clypeals; antennal shaft hair branched. Bases of inner clypeal hairs wider apart and closer to the bases of the outer clypeals than to one another. All clypeal hairs simple; frontal hairs short, not to the bases of posterior clypeal hairs; metathoracic hair 3 palmate-like.

10. Anopheles cucphuongensis Vu, Nguyen, Tran & Nguyen, 1990

Mosquito: Costa divided by pale sports not more than 3 dark marks involving both costa and vein 1. Erect head scales widerly expanded apically. Erect head scales rather broad; Palps as long as proboscis. Propleural with 1 seta.

Pupa: Trumpet with the longest axis usually more or less vertical, no second split, rim simple entire. Trumpet not so broad and rounded. Paddle somewhat elongate, usually about 1.75 times as long as wide; hair 5 on V-VII strong and hair 1 weak; lobes of male genital pouch always obtuse, not ending in a knob. Lateral spine VII simple and not hooked at the tip. Hair 1 on V-VII strong, as long as or longer than hair 5, about as long as the segments. Hair 5 on V-VII with several branches. Hair 5 on V-VII with more than 10 branches.

Larva: Bases of inner clypeal hairs much closer to one another than to the outer clypeals; antennal shaft hair branched. Bases of inner clypeal hairs wider apart and closer to the bases of the outer clypeals than to one another. Outer and posterior clypeal hairs with short fine side branches; frontal hairs longer, over the base of posterior clypeal hairs; metathoracic hair 3 feather-like.

Series Lophoscelomyia (Edwards, 1932)

Group Asiaticus (Reid, 1968)

Subgroup Asiaticus (Rattanarithikul, Harrison, Harbach & Panthusiri, 2006)

11. Anopheles asiaticus Leicester, 1903

Mosquito: Costa divided by pale sports not more than 3 dark marks involving both costa and vein 1. Apex of hind fermur with conspicuous tuft of white scales preceded by tuft of black scales (Fig. 9a). Wing without pale fringe spot at tip of vein 3; costa usually with an subcosta pale spot extanding on to vein 1. White tuft of scales narrower at apex of hindfermur.

Pupa: Trumpet with the longest axis usually more or less vertical, no second split, rim simple entire. Trumpet not so broad and rounded. Paddle somewhat elongate, usually about 1.75 times as long as wide; hair 5 on V-VII strong and hair 1 weak; lobes of male genital pouch always obtuse, not ending in a knob. Lateral spine VII unbranched and hooked at the tip or slightly freyed. Lateral spine VII slightly freyed.

Larva: Bases of inner clypeal hairs much closer to one another than to the outer clypeals; antennal shaft hair branched. Antennal shaft hair shorter than 1/2 the length of antennal shaft. Frontal hairs simple or branched and then not over the bases of posterior clypeal hairs. Subantennal hairs (11) slender, simple or with fewer distal branches, longer than antenna; all the frontal hairs shorter and branched. Subantennal hairs, out clypeal hairs, hairs 6 on abdomen IV simple; palmate hairs on abdomen II undeveloped.

Subgroup Interruptus (Rattanarithikul, Harrison, Harbach & Panthusiri, 2006)

12. Anopheles interruptus Puri, 1929

Mosquito: Costa divided by pale sports not more than 3 dark marks involving both costa and vein 1. Apex of hind fermur with conspicuous tuft of white scales preceded by tuft of black scales. Wing usually with pale fringe sport at tip of vein 3; costa usually without subcosta pale spot on to vein 1. White tuft of scales larger at apex of hind fermur.

Pupa: Trumpet with the longest axis usually more or less vertical, no second split, rim simple entire. Trumpet not so broad and rounded. Paddle somewhat elongate, usually about 1.75 times as long as wide; hair 5 on V-VII strong and hair 1 weak; lobes of male genital pouch always obtuse, not ending in a knob. Lateral spine VII unbranched and hooked at the tip or slightly freyed. Lateral spine VII unbranched and hooked at the tip.

Larva: Bases of inner clypeal hairs much closer to one another than to the outer clypeals; antennal shaft hair branched. Antennal shaft hair shorter than 1/2 the length of antennal shaft. Frontal hairs simple or branched and then not over the bases of posterior clypeal hairs. Subantennal hairs (11) slender, simple or with fewer distal branches, longer than antenna; all the frontal hairs shorter and branched. Subantennal hairs, out clypeal hairs, hairs 6 on abdomen IV branched; palmate hairs on abdomen II developed.

Series Myzorhynchus (Edwards, 1932)

Group Barbirostris (Reid, 1962)

Subgroup Barbirostris (Reid, 1968)

13. Anopheles barbirostris Van der Wulp, 1884
(Includes A, B, c genetic forms)

Mosquito: Costa divided by pale sports not more than 3 dark marks involving both costa and vein 1. Apex of hind fermur without black and white tuft of scales (femur with subapical pale band or costa with presector pale spot).        Hindfemur without a broad subapical pale band. Hindfemur without a broad subapical pale band. Costa without a broad presector pale spot or with only narrow spot. Sternum VII with tuft of black scales. Palps all black, without pale bands. Lower pale fringe spot at apex of wing narrow at vein 3 only; with at least a few white scales on the underside of abdominal segments II-VI. With only two apical fringe spots, no spot at 2.1; mid tarsi often unbanded. Sternites of abdominal segments II-VI with fewer white scales; wing pattern Paler, usually less than half the scales dark between the basal dark mark on 5 and the apical dark mark on 5.2.

Pupa: Trumpet with the longest axis more or less transverse to the stem, the rim sometimes with a second split opposite to the meatal cleft, or if longest axis not transverse to stem there is a lobe, often complex, on the rim. Hind margins of abdominal tergites without small teetfig. Trumpet without a distinct lobe on the rim; secondery cleft if present not very deep. Opening of trumpet very transverse; hair 1 on VII with 15-50 branches. Lateral spine VII brown, shorter 4 to 6 X as long as thick. Sum of the brancheson both abd. hairs 2, VI is 5-16. Sum of the branches on both abd. hairs 2, III is 11-19.

Larva: Bases of inner clypeal hairs much closer to one another than to the outer clypeals; antennal shaft hair branched. Antennal shaft hair shorter than 1/2 the length of antennal shaft. Antennal shaft hair longer than 1/2 the length of antennal shaft. Abdomen with fully developed palmate hairs on at least 5 segments. Inner shouder hair (is) with long branches from near the base; palmate hairs on abdomina segment II usually pigmented. Out clypeal hair with 41 or more branches. Difference between the sum of the branches on both abdominal hairs 13, III and the sum of the branches on both hairs 5, VII is 0-10.

14. Anopheles campestris Reid, 1962

Mosquito: Costa divided by pale sports not more than 3 dark marks involving both costa and vein 1. Apex of hind fermur without black and white tuft of scales (femur with subapical pale band or costa with presector pale spot).        Hindfemur without a broad subapical pale band. Hindfemur without a broad subapical pale band. Costa without a broad presector pale spot or with only narrow spot. Sternum VII with tuft of black scales. Palps all black, without pale bands. Lower pale fringe spot at apex of wing narrow at vein 3 only; with at least a few white scales on the underside of abdominal segments II-VI. With only two apical fringe spots, no spot at 2.1; mid tarsi often unbanded. White scales on sternites II-VI numerous; wing pattern darker, usually more than half the scales dark between the basal dark mark on 5 and the apical dark mark on 5.2.

Pupa: Trumpet with the longest axis more or less transverse to the stem, the rim some times with a second split opposite to the meatal cleft, or if longest axis not transverse to stem there is a lobe, often complex, on the rim. Hind margins of abdominal tergites without small teetfig. Trumpet without a distinct lobe on the rim; secondery cleft if present not very deep. Opening of trumpet very transverse; haft 1 on VII with 15-50 branches. Lateral spine VII brown, shorter 4 to 6 X as long as thick. Sum of the branches on both abd. hairs 2, VI is 17-38.

Larva: Bases of inner clypeal hairs much closer to one another than to the outer clypeals; antennal shaft hair branched. Antennal shaft hair shorter than 1/2 the length of antennal shaft.  Antennal shaft hair longer than 1/2 the length of antennal shaft. Abdomen with fully developed palmate hairs on at least 5 segments. Inner shouder hair (is) with long branches from near the base; palmate hairs on abdomina segment II usually pigmented. Out clypeal hair with 41 or more branches. Difference between the sum of the branches on both abdominal hairs 13, III and the sum of the branches on both hairs 5, VII is 9-23. Sum of the branches on both abdominal hairs 13,1 is 27-45.

15. Anopheles donaldi Reid, 1962

Mosquito: Costa divided by pale sports not more than 3 dark marks involving both costa and vein 1. Apex of hind fermur without black and white tuft of scales (femur with subapical pale band or costa with presector pale spot). Hind femur without a broad subapical pale band. Hindfemur without a broad subapical pale band. Costa without a broad presector pale spot or with only narrow spot. Sternum VII with tuft of black scales. Palps all black, without pale bands. Lower pale fringe spot at apex of wing narrow at vein 3 only; with at least a few white scales on the underside of abdominal segments II-VI. With three apical fringe spots, the middle one at 2.1; mid tarsi with narrow pale bands.

Pupa: Trumpet with the longest axis more or less transverse to the stem, the rim sometimes with a second split opposite to the meatal cleft, or if longest axis not transverse to stem there is a lobe, often complex, on the rim. Hind margins of abdominal tergites without small teetfig. Trumpet without a distinct lobe on the rim; secondery cleft if present not very deep. Opening of trumpet very transverse; hair 1 on VII with 15-50 branches. Lateral spine VII brown, shorter 4 to 6 X as long as thick. Sum of the branches on both abd. hairs 2,VI is 5-16. Sum of the branches on both abd. hairs 2, III is 8-11.

Larva: Bases of inner clypeal hairs much closer to one another than to the outer clypeals; antennal shaft haft branched. Antennal shaft hair shorter than 1/2 the length of antennal shaft. Antennal shaft haft longer than 1/2 the length of antennal shaft. Abdomen with fully developed Palmate hairs on at least 5 segments. Inner shouder haft (is) with long branches from near the base; palmate hairs on abdomina segment II usually pigmented. Out clypeal hair with 41 or more branches. Out clypeal haft with 41 or more branches. Difference between the sum of the branches on both abdominal hairs 13, III and the sum of the branches on both hairs 5, VII is 9-23. Sum of the branches on both abdominal hairs 13, I is 18-27.

Subgrous Vanus (Reid, 1968)
16. Anopheles barbumbrosus Strickland & Chowdhury, 1927

Mosquito: Costa divided by pale sports not more than 3 dark marks involving both costa and vein 1. Apex of hind fermur without black and white tuft of scales (femur with subapical pale band or costa with presector pale spot). Hind femur without a broad subapical pale band. Hindfemur without a broad subapical pale band. Costa without a broad presector pale spot or with only narrow spot. Sternum VII with tuft of black scales. Palps all black, without pale bands. Lower pale fringe spot at apex of wing wide, extanding at least from vein 3 to 4.1; no white scales on the underside of abdominal segments II-VI.

Pupar: Trumpet with the longest axis more or less transverse to the stem, the rim sometimes with a second split opposite to the meatal cleft, or if longest axis not transverse to stem there is a lobe, often complex, on the rim. Hind margins of abdominal tergites without small teetfig. Trumpet without a distinct lobe on the rim; secondary cleft if present not very deep. Opening of trumpet very transverse; hair 1 on VII with 15-50 branches. Lateral spine VII black, 7 or 8 X as long as thick (Fig. 8a).

Larva: Bases of inner clypeal hairs much closer to one another than to the outer clypeals; antennal shaft hair branched. Antennal shaft hair shorter than 1/2 the length of antennal shaft. Antennal shaft hair longer than 1/2 the length of antennal shaft. Abdomen with fully developed palmate hairs on at least 5 segments. Inner shouder hair (is) with long branches from near the base; palmate hairs on abdomina segment II usually pigmented. Out clypeal hair with 12-27 branches.

Group Hyrcanus (Reid, 1953)

Subgroup Lesteri (Harrison, 1972)

17. Anopheles crawfordi Reid, 1953

Mosquito: Costa divided by pale sports not more than 3 dark marks involving both costa and vein 1. Apex of hind fermur without black and white tuft of scales (femur with subapical pale band or costa with presector pale spot). Hind femur without a broad subapical pale band. Hindfemur without a broad subapical pale band. Costa without a broad presector pale spot or with only narrow spot. Palps with pale bands. Hind tarsi with apical pale bands only. Apical fringe spot not or only a little short, extending end of vein 1 or 2.1 at least far as 3. Basal dark mark length on vein 5 less than distance from it to basal dark mark on vein 6; humeral crossvein without dark scale or some grey scales only. Without pale scales on vein 1 between subcostal and preapical. Costa without pale scales on basal.

Pupa: Trumpet with the longest axis more or less transverse to the stem, the rim some times with a second split opposite to the meatal cleft, or if longest axis not transverse to stem there is a lobe, often complex, on the rim. Hind margins of abdominal tergites without small teetfig. Trumpet without a distinct lobe on the rim; secondery cleft if present not very deep, opening of trumpet less transverse; hair 1 on VII with 1-13 branches, spine VIII with well developed branches. Rim of trumpet with thickened and saw-toothed areas. Hair 5 on V with more than 20 branches. Rim of trumpet not very thick, without a deep cleft in the middle; border teeth of paddle usually extending beyond 3/4 its lengtfig. Hair 1 on VI usually with more than 10 branches.

Larva: Bases of inner clypeal hairs much closer to one another than to the outer clypeals; antennal shaft hair branched. Antennal shaft hair shorter than 1/2 the length of antennal shaft. Antennal shaft hair longer than 1/2 the length of antennal shaft. Abdomen with fully developed palmate hairs on at least 5 segments. Inner shouder hair simple or with only short branches at the tip; less often from about half way; palmate hairs on abdominal segment II unpigmented. Mesothoracic hair 4 not so, the branches more or less straight and erect, and often arising along the length of the hair. Sutural hair often with 5-11 branches hair 6, 7 on abdominal segment I often with more than 20 branches. Pigment of abdominal palmate hair leaflets often not so. The leaflets of abdominal palmate hair pigmented from the base to the tip. Hair 5 on abdominal segment II and III seldom with less than 12 branches. Saddle hairs arising in the saddle.

18. Anopheles dangi Nguyen, Tran, Vu & Nguyen, 1991

Mosquito: Costa divided by pale sports not more than 3 dark marks involving both costa and vein 1. Apex of hind fermur without black and white tuft of scales (femur with subapical pale band or costa with presector pale spot). Hind femur without a broad subapical pale band. Hindfemur without a broad subapical pale band. Costa without a broad presector pale spot or with only narrow spot. Palps with pale bands. Hind tarsi with apical pale bands only. Apical fringe spot not or only a little short, extending end of vein 1 or 2.1 at least far as 3. Basal dark mark length on vein 5 less than distance from it to basal dark mark on vein 6; humeral crossvein without dark scale or some grey scales only. Without pale scales on vein 1 between subcostal and preapical pale spot. Costa with an interruption by pale scales on basal.

Pupa: Trumpet with the longest axis more or less transverse to the stem, the rim sometimes with a second split opposite to the meatal cleft, or if longest axis not transverse to stem there is a lobe, often complex, on the rim. Hind margins of abdominal tergites without small teetfig. Trumpet without a distinct lobe on the rim; secondary cleft if present not very deep. Opening of trumpet less transverse; hair 1 on VII with 1-13 branches. Spine VIII with well developed branches. Rim of trumpet with thickened and saw-toothed areas. Hair 5 on V with more than 20 branches. Rim of trumpet not very thick, without a deep cleft in the middle; border teeth of paddle usually extending beyond 3/4 its lengtfig. Hair 1 on VI usually with more than 10 branches.

Larva: Bases of inner clypeal hairs much closer to one another than to the outer clypeals; antennal shaft hair branched. Antennal shaft hair shorter than 1/2 the length of antennal shaft. Antennal shaft hair longer than 1/2 the length of antennal shaft. Abdomen with fully developed palmate hairs on at least 5 segments. Inner shouder hair simple or with only short branches at the tip; less often from about half way; palmate hairs on abdominal segment II unpigmented. Mesothoracic hair 4 not so, the branches more or less straight and erect, and often arising along the length of the hair. Sutural hair often with 5-11 branches hair 6, 7 on abdominal segment I often with more than 20 branches. Pigment of abdominal palmate hair leaflets often not so. The leaflets of abdominal palmate hair pigmented from the base to the tip. Hair 5 on abdominal segment II and III seldom with more than 11 branches. Hair 7 on abdominal segment VII with 5-9 branches.

19. Anopheles lesteri Baisas & Hu, 1936

Mosquito: Costa divided by pale sports not more than 3 dark marks involving both costa and vein 1. Apex of hind fermur without black and white tuft of scales (femur with subapical pale band or costa with presector pale spot). Hind femur without a broad subapical pale band. Hindfemur without a broad subapical pale band. Costa without a broad presector pale spot or with only narrow spot. Palps with pale bands. Hind tarsi with apical pale bands only. Apical fringe spot not or only a little short, extending end of vein 1 or 2.1 at least far as 3. Basal dark mark length on vein 5 less than distance from it to basal dark mark on vein 6; humeral crossvein without dark scale or some grey scales only. With pale scales on veinl between subcostal and preapical pale spot. Hind tarsi without pale bands or with only very narrow pale bands; without fringe pale spot at tip of vein 5.2.

Pupa: Trumpet with the longest axis more or less transverse to the stem, the rim sometimes with a second split opposite to the meatal cleft, or if longest axis not transverse to stem there is a lobe, often complex, on the rim. Hind margins of abdominal tergites without small teetfig.Trumpet without a distinct lobe on the rim; secondery cleft if present not very deep. Opening of trumpet less transverse; hair 1 on VII with 1-13 branches. Spine VIII with well developed branches. Rim of trumpet with thickened and saw-toothed areas. Hair 5 on V with more than 20 branches. Rim of trumpet very thick, with a deep cleft in the middle; border teeth of paddle seldom extending beyond 3/5 its lengtfig.

Larva: Bases of inner clypeal hairs much closer to one another than to the outer clypeals; antennal shaft hair branched. Antennal shaft hair shorter than 1/2 the length of antennal shaft. Antennal shaft hair longer than 1/2 the length of antennal shaft. Abdomen with fully developed palmate hairs on at least 5 segments. Inner shouder hair simple or with only short branches at the tip; less often from about half way; palmate hairs on abdominal segment II unpigmented. Mesothoracic hair 4 not so, the branches more or less straight and erect, and often arising along the length of the hair. Sutural hair often with 5-11 branches hair 6, 7 on abdominal segment I often with more than 20 branches. Pigment of abdominal palmate hair leaflets often not so. The leaflets of abdominal palmate hair pigmented from the base to the tip. Hair 5 on abdominal segment II and III seldom with more than 11 branches. Hair 7 on abdominal segment VII with 3-5 branches. Hair 4 on abd. segm. III with 6-11 branches; hair 4 on abd. segm. III with 4-7 branches (Fig. 31a). Hair 4 on abdominal segment IV with 4-6 branches (Fig. 32a).

20. Anopheles paraliae Sandosham, 1959

Mosquito: Costa divided by pale sports not more than 3 dark marks involving both costa and vein 1. Apex of hind fermur without black and white tuft of scales (femur with subapical pale band or costa with presector pale spot). Hind femur without a broad subapical pale band. Hindfemur without a broad subapical pale band. Costa without a broad presector pale spot or with only narrow spot. Palps with pale bands. Hind tarsi with apical pale bands only. Apical fringe spot not or only a little short, extending end of vein 1 or 2.1 at least far as 3. Humeral crossvein bare; mid coxae without a patch of pale scales. Basal dark mark on vein 5 fairly long commonly separated by less than its own length from the upper dark mark on vein 6.

Pupa: Trumpet with the longest axis more or less transverse to the stem, the rim sometimes with a second split opposite to the meatal cleft, or if longest axis not transverse to stem there is a lobe, often complex, on the rim. Hind margins of abdominal tergites without small teetfig. Trumpet without a distinct lobe on the rim; secondary cleft if present not very deep. Opening of trumpet less transverse; hair 1 on VII with 1-13 branches. Spine VIII with well developed branches. Rim of trumpet with thickened and saw-toothed areas. Hair 5 on V with 12-20 branches.

Larva: Bases of inner clypeal hairs much closer to one another than to the outer clypeals; antennal shaft hair branched. Antennal shaft hair shorter than 1/2 the length of antennal shaft. Antennal shaft hair longer than 1/2 the length of antennal shaft. Abdomen with fully developed palmate hairs on at least 5 segments. Inner shouder hair simple or with only short branches at the tip; less often from about half way; palmate hairs on abdominal segment II unpigmented. Mesothoracic hair 4 not so, the branches more or less straight and erect, and often arising along the length of the hair. Sutural hair often with 5-11 branches hair 6, 7 on abdominal segment I often with more than 20 branches. Pigment of abdominal palmate hair leaflets often not so. The leaflets of abdominal palmate hair pigmented from the base to the tip. Hair 5 on abdominal segment II and III seldom with more than 11 branches. Hair 7 on abdominal segment VII with 3-5 branches. Hair 4 on abd. segm. IV with 6-11 branches; hair 4 on abd. segm. III with 4-7 branches (Fig. 31a). Hair 4 on abdominal segment IV with 3-4 branches.

21. Anopheles peditaeniatus (Leicester, 1908)

Mosquito: Costa divided by pale sports not more than 3 dark marks involving both costa and vein 1. Apex of hindfermur without black and white tuft of scales (femur with subapical pale band or costa with presector pale spot). Hind femur without a broad subapical pale band. Hindfemur without a broad subapical pale band. Costa without a broad presector pale spot or with only narrow spot. Hind tarsi with broad pale bands, at least one tarsomere with a basal pale band or patch. Basal dark mark on wing vein 5 long, approaching within own length or less of the upper dark mark on vein 6. Hindtarsal pale band seldom so broad, third band less than 3/4 as long as 4th segment; 4th band less than 1/2 5th segment; there are pale scales on vein 1 between subcostal and preapical pale spot; basal dark mark on vein 5 with numerous pale scales. Humeral crossvein without dark scales; base of costa without pale scales; there are numerous pale scales on vein 1 between subcostal and preapical pale spot.

Pupa: Trumpet with the longest axis more or less transverse to the stem, the rim sometimes with a second split opposite to the meatal cleft, or if longest axis not transverse to stem there is a lobe, often complex, on the rim. Hind margins of abdominal tergites without small teetfig. Trumpet without a distinct lobe on the rim; secondery cleft if present not very deep. Opening of trumpet less transverse; hair 1 on VII with 1-13 branches. Spine VIII without or with much reduced branches (Fig. 11a). Rim of trumpet with thickened and saw-toothed areas; sides of trumpet without parallel vertical wrinkles; hair 1 on V with few (2-8) branches.

Larva: Bases of inner clypeal hairs much closer to one another than to the outer clypeals; antennal shaft haft branched. Antennal shaft hair shorter than 1/2 the length of antennal shaft. Antennal shaft hair longer than 1/2 the length of antennal shaft. Abdomen with fully developed palmate hairs on at least 5 segments. Inner shouder hair simple or with only short branches at the tip; less often from about half way; palmate hairs on abdominal segment II unpigmented. Mesothoracic hair 4 small, with sinuate spreading branches arising close together near the base.

Subgroup Nigerimus (Harrison, 1972)

22. Anopheles nigerimus Giles, 1900
(includes A, B genetic forms)

Mosquito: Costa divided by pale sports not more than 3 dark marks involving both costa and vein 1. Apex of hind fermur without black and white tuft of scales (femur with subapical pale band or costa with presector pale spot). Hind femur without a broad subapical pale band. Hindfemur without a broad subapical pale band. Costa without a broad presector pale spot or with only narrow spot. Hind tarsi with broad pale bands, at least one tarsomere with a basal pale band or patch. Basal dark mark on wing vein 5 long, approaching within own length or less of the upper dark mark on vein 6. Hind-tarsal pale band seldom so broad, third band less than 3/4 as long as 4th sergment; 4th band less than 1/2 5th segment; there are pale scales on vein 1 between subcostal and preapical pale spot; basal dark mark on vein 5 with numerous pale scales. Humeral crossvein with dark scales; base of costa with pale scales; there are some pale scales on vein 1 between subcostal and preapical pale spot.

Pupa: Trumpet with the longest axis more or less transverse to the stem, the rim sometimes with a second split opposite to the meatal cleft, or if longest axis not transverse to stem there is a lobe, often complex, on the rim. Hind margins of abdominal tergites without small teetfig. Trumpet without a distinct lobe on the rim; secondery cleft if present not very deep. Opening of trumpet less transverse; hair 1 on VII with 1-13 branches. Spine VIII with well developed branches. Rim of trumpet thin and unform. Hair 1 on the paddle not so. Wing case without round dark spots; though there may be pigmented veins and cross-bars. Abdominal segments and the base of hairs on it pigmented. Haft 1 on abdomen segment VII seldom with more than 4 branches; terminal paddle hair simple or bifid.

Larva: Bases of inner clypeal hairs much closer to one another than to the outer clypeals; antennal shaft hair branched. Antennal shaft hair shorter than 1/2 the length of antennal shaft. Antennal shaft hair longer than 1/2 the length of antennal shaft. Abdomen with fully developed palmate hairs on at least 5 segments. Inner shouder hair simple or with only short branches at the tip; less often from about half way; palmate hairs on abdominal segment II unpigmented. Mesothoracic hairs 4 not so, the branches more or less straight and erect, and often arising along the length of the hair. Sutural haft often with 14 or more branches; hair 6, 7 on abdominal segment I often with less than 20 branches. Hair 9 on abdominal segment VI (9, VI) with 3-5 branches; hair 5, VII with 3-6 branches. Mesothoracic hair 1 with less than 27 branches; hair 4 on abdominal segment I with 5-8 branches. Hair 5 on abd. segm. Ill with 5-7 branches; hair 5, IV with 3-4 branches; anterior tergal, plates on abd. segm. VIII rectangle-like.

23. Anopheles nitidus Harrison, Scanlon & Reid, 1973.

Mosquito: Costa divided by pale sports not more than 3 dark marks involving both costa and vein 1. Apex of hindfermur without black and white tuft of scales (femur with subapical pale band or costa with presector pale spot). Hind femur without a broad subapical pale band. Hindfemur without a broad subapical pale band. Costa without a broad presector pale spot or with only narrow spot. Hind tarsi with broad pale bands, at least one tarsomere with a basal pale band or patch. Basal dark mark on wing vein 5 short, separated by own length or more from upper dark mark on vein 6. Humeral crossvein with dark scales; base of costa usually with small humeral pale spot.

Pupa: Trumpet with the longest axis more or less transverse to the stem, the rim sometimes with a second split opposite to the meatal cleft, or if longest axis not transverse to stem there is a lobe, often complex, on the rim. Hind margins of abdominal tergites without small teetfig. Trumpet without a distinct lobe on the rim; secondery cleft if present not very deep. Opening of trumpet less transverse; hair 1 on VII with 1-13 branches. Spine VIII with well developed branches. Rim of trumpet thin and unform. Hair 1 on the paddle not so. Wing case without round dark spots; though there may be pigmented veins and cross-bars. Abdominal segments and the base of hairs on it unpigmented. Wing case with round brown spots; though there may be pigmented veins and cross-bars.

Larva: Bases of inner clypeal hairs much closer to one another than to the outer clypeals; antennal shaft hair branched. Antennal shaft hair shorter than 1/2 the length of antennal shaft. Antennal shaft hair longer than 1/2 the length of antennal shaft. Abdomen with fully developed palmate hairs on at least 5 segments. Inner shouder hair simple or with only short branches at the tip; less often from about half way; palmate hairs on abdominal segment II unpigmented. Mesothoracic hair 4 not so, the branches more or less straight and erect, and often arising along the length of the hair. Sutural hair often with 14 or more branches; hair 6, 7 on abdominal segment I often with less than 20 branches. Hair 9 on abdominal segment VI (9, VI) with 5-9 branches; hair 5, VII with 6-9 branches.

24. Anopheles monstrosus Nguyen, Tran, Vu & Nguyen, 1991

Mosquito: Costa divided by pale sports not more than 3 dark marks involving both costa and vein 1. Apex of hind fermur without black and white tuft of scales (femur with subapical pale band or costa with presector pale spot). Hind femur without a broad subapical pale band. Hindfemur without a broad subapical pale band. Costa without a broad presector pale spot or with only narrow spot. Hind tarsi with broad pale bands, at least one tarsomere with a basal pale band or patch. Basal dark mark on wing vein 5 short, separated by own length or more from upper dark mark on vein 6. Humeral crossvein bare; base of costa usually without humeral pale spot.

Pupa: Trumpet with the longest axis more or less transverse to the stem, the rim sometimes with a second split opposite to the meatal cleft, or if longest axis not transverse to stem there is a lobe, often complex, on the rim. Hind margins of abdominal tergites without small teetfig. Trumpet without a distinct lobe on the rim; secondery cleft if present not very deep. Opening of trumpet less transverse; hair 1 on VII with 1-13 branches. Spine VIII with well developed branches. Rim of trumpet thin and unform. Hair 1 on the paddle not so. Wing case without round dark spots; though there may be pigmented veins and cross-bars. Abdominal segments and the base of hairs on it unpigmented. Wing case unpigmented.

Larva: Bases of inner clypeal hairs much closer to one another than to the outer clypeals; antennal shaft haft branched. Antennal shaft haft shorter than 1/2 the length of antennal shaft. Antennal shaft haft longer than 1/2 the length of antennal shaf. Abdomen with fully developed palmate hairs on at least 5 segments. Inner shouder haft simple or with only short branches at the tip; less often from about half way; palmate hairs on abdominal segment II unpigmented. Mesothoracic hair 4 not so, the branches more or less straight and erect, and often arising along the length of the hair. Sutural hair often with 5-11 branches hair 6, 7 on abdominal segment I often with more than 20 branches. Pigment of abdominal palmate hair leaflets often not so. The leaflets of abdominal palmate hair pigmented from the base to the tip. Hair 5 on abdominal segment II and III seldom with less than 12 branches. Saddle hairs arising in the saddle.

25. Anopheles nimpe Nguyen, Tran, Harbach, Elphick & Linton, 2000

Mosquito: Costa divided by pale sports not more than 3 dark marks involving both costa and vein 1. Apex of hind fermur without black and white tuft of scales (femur with subapical pale band or costa with presector pale spot). Hind femur without a broad subapical pale band. Hindfemur without a broad subapical pale band. Costa without a broad presector pale spot or with only narrow spot. Palps with pale bands. Hind tarsi with apical pale bands only. Apical fringe spot not or only a little short, extending end of vein 1 or 2.1 at least far as 3. Basal dark mark length on vein 5 longer than distance from it to basal dark mark on vein 6; humeral crossvein with dark scales.

Pupa: Trumpet with the longest axis more or less transverse to the stem, the rim sometimes with a second split opposite to the meatal cleft, or if longest axis not transverse to stem there is a lobe, often complex, on the rim. Hind margins of abdominal tergites without small teetfig. Trumpet without a distinct lobe on the rim; secondery cleft if present not very deep. Opening of trumpet less transverse; hair 1 on VII with 1-13 branches. Spine VIII with well developed branches. Rim of trumpet thin and unform. Hair 1 on the paddle with 2-7 branches arising from near base.

Larva: Bases of inner clypeal hairs much closer to one another than to the outer clypeals; antennal shaft hair branched. Antennal shaft hair shorter than 1/2 the length of antennal shaft. Antennal shaft hair longer than 1/2 the length of antennal shaft. Abdomen with fully developed palmate hairs on at least 5 segments. Inner shouder hair simple or with only short branches at the tip; less often from about half way; palmate hairs on abdominal segment II unpigmented. Mesothoracic hair 4 not so, the branches more or less straight and erect, and often arising along the length of the hair. Sutural hair often with 5-11 branches hair 6, 7 on abdominal segment I often with more than 20 branches. Pigment of abdominal palmate hair leaflets often not so. The leaflets of abdominal palmate hair pigmented from the base to the shouder.

26. Anopheles pursati Laveran, 1902

Mosquito: Costa divided by pale sports not more than 3 dark marks involving both costa and vein 1. Apex of hind fermur without black and white tuft of scales (femur with subapical pale band or costa with presector pale spot). Hind femur without a broad subapical pale band. Hindfemur without a broad subapical pale band. Costa without a broad presector pale spot or with only narrow spot. Palps with pale bands. Hind tarsi with apical pale bands only. Apical fringe spot short, extending at most between vein 1 and 2.2. Humeral crossvein with a few dark scales; mid coxae with a patch of pale scales.

Pupa: Trumpet with the longest axis more or less transverse to the stem, the rim sometimes with a second split opposite to the meatal cleft, or if longest axis not transverse to stem there is a lobe, often complex, on the rim. Hind margins of abdominal tergites without small teetfig. Trumpet without a distinct lobe on the rim; secondery cleft if present not very deep. Opening of trumpet less transverse; hair 1 on VII with 1-13 branches. Spine VIII with well developed branches. Rim of trumpet thin and unform. Hair 1 on the paddle not so. Wing case without round dark spots; though there may be pigmented veins and cross-bars. Abdominal segments and the base of hairs on it pigmented. Hair 1 on abdomen segment VII usually with more than 6 branches; terminal paddle hair with 1-6, usually 3 or more branches.

Larva: Bases of inner clypeal hairs much closer to one another than to the outer clypeals; antennal shaft hair branched. Antennal shaft hair shorter than 1/2 the length of antennal shaft. Antennal shaft hair longer than 1/2 the length of antennal shaft. Abdomen with fully developed palmate hairs on at least 5 segments. Inner shouder hair simple or with only short branches at the tip; less often from about half way; palmate hairs on abdominal segment II unpigmented. Sutural hair often with 14 or more branches; hair 6, 7 on abdominal segment I often with less than 20 branches. Hair 9 on abdominal segment VI (9, VI) with 3-5 branches; hair 5, VII with 3-6 branches. Mesothoracic hair 1 with more than 28 branches; hair 4 on abdominal segment I with 8-16 branches.

27. Anopheles vietnamensis Nguyen, Tran & Nguyen, 1993

Mosquito: Costa divided by pale sports not more than 3 dark marks involving both costa and vein 1. Apex of hind fermur without black and white tuft of scales (femur with subapical pale band or costa with presector pale spot). Hind femur without a broad subapical pale band. Hindfemur without a broad subapical pale band. Costa without a broad presector pale spot or with only narrow spot. Palps with pale bands. Hind tarsi with apical pale bands only. Apical fringe spot short, extending at most between vein 1 and 2.2. Humeral crossvein bare; mid coxae without a patch of pale scales. Basal dark mark on vein 5 short separated by its own length or moe from the upper dark mark on vein 6.

Pupa: Trumpet with the longest axis more or less transverse to the stem, the rim sometimes with a second split opposite to the meatal cleft, or if longest axis not transverse to stem there is a lobe, often complex, on the rim. Hind margins of abdominal tergites without small teetfig. Trumpet without a distinct lobe on the rim; secondery cleft if present not very deep. Opening of trumpet less transverse; hair 1 on VII with 1-13 branches. Spine VIII with well developed branches. Rim of trumpet thin and unform. Hair 1 on the paddle not so. Wing case without round dark spots; though there may be pigmented veins and cross-bars. Abdominal segments and the base of hairs on it unpigmented. Wing case unpigmented.

Larva: Bases of inner clypeal hairs much closer to one another than to the outer clypeals; antennal shaft hair branched. Antennal shaft hair shorter than 1/2 the length of antennal shaft. Antennal shaft hair longer than 1/2 the length of antennal shaft. Abdomen with fully developed palmate hairs on at least 5 segments. Inner shouder hair simple or with only short branches at the tip; less often from about half way; palmate hairs on abdominal segment II unpigmented. Mesothoracic hair 4 not so, the branches more or less straight and erect, and often arising along the length of the hair. Sutural hair often with 5-11 branches hair 6, 7 on abdominal segment I often with more than 20 branches. Pigment of abdominal palmate hair leaflets often not so. The leaflets of abdominal palmate hair pigmented from the base to the tip. Hair 5 on abdominal segment II and III seldom with more than 11 branches. Hair 7 on abdominal segment VII with 3-5 branches. Hair 4 on abdominal segment IV with 4-6 branches; hair 4 on abdominal segment III with 3-4 branches.

Ungroup species

28. Anopheles argyropus (Swellengrebel, 1914)
(includes A, B genetic forms)

Mosquito: Costa divided by pale sports not more than 3 dark marks involving both costa and vein 1. Apex of hind fermur without black and white tuft of scales (femur with subapical pale band or costa with presector pale spot). Hind femur without a broad subapical pale band. Hindfemur without a broad subapical pale band. Costa without a broad presector pale spot or with only narrow spot. Hind tarsi with broad pale bands, at least one tarsomere with a basal pale band or patch. Basal dark mark on wing vein 5 long, approaching within own length or less of the upper dark mark on vein 6. Hind-tarsal pale band very broad, third band more than 3/4 as long as 4th sergment; fourth band more than 1/2 5th segment; no pale scales on vein 1 between subcostal and preapical pale spot; basal dark mark on vein 5 with only some of pale scales.

Pupa: Trumpet with the longest axis more or less transverse to the stem, the rim sometimes with a second split opposite to the meatal cleft, or if longest axis not transverse to stem there is a lobe, often complex, on the rim. Hind margins of abdominal tergites without small teetfig. Trumpet without a distinct lobe on the rim; secondery cleft if present not very deep. Opening of trumpet less transverse; hair 1 on VII with 1-13 branches. Spine VIII without or with much reduced branches (Fig. 11a). Rim of trumpet thin and unform; sides of trumpet with parallel vertical wrinkles; hair 1 on V with many (12-20) branches.

Larva: Bases of inner clypeal hairs much closer to one another than to the outer clypeals; antennal shaft hair branched. Antennal shaft hair shorter than 1/2 the length of antennal shaft. Antennal shaft hair longer than 1/2 the length of antennal shaft. Abdomen with fully developed palmate hairs on at least 5 segments. Inner shouder hair simple or with only short branches at the tip; less often from about half way; palmate hairs on abdominal segment II unpigmented. Sutural hair often with 14 or more branches; hair 6, 7 on abdominal segment I often with less than 20 branches. Hair 9 on abdominal segment VI (9, VI) with 3-5 branches; hair 5, VII with 3-6 branches. Mesothoracic hair 1 with less than 27 branches; hair 4 on abdominal segment I with 5-8 branches. Hair 5 on abd.segm.III with 7-9 branches; hair 5, IV with 4-6 branches; anterior tergal plates on abd. segm. VIII wedge-like.

29. Anopheles sinensis Wiedemann, 1828
(includes A, B genetic forms)

Mosquito: Costa divided by pale sports not more than 3 dark marks involving both costa and vein 1. Apex of hind fermur without black and white tuft of scales (femur with subapical pale band or costa with presector pale spot). Hind femur without a broad subapical pale band. Costa without a broad presector pale spot or with only narrow spot. Palps with pale bands. Hind tarsi with apical pale bands only. Apical fringe spot not or only a little short, extending end of vein 1 or 2.1 at least far as 3. Basal dark mark length on vein 5 less than distance from it to basal dark mark on vein 6; humeral crossvein without dark scale or some grey scales only. With pale scales on veinl between subcostal and preapical pale spot. Hind tarsi with obvious pale bands; Vein 5.2 usually with fringe pale spot at tip.

Pupa: Trumpet with the longest axis more or less transverse to the stem, the rim sometimes with a second split opposite to the meatal cleft, or if longest axis not transverse to stem there is a lobe, often complex, on the rim. Hind margins of abdominal tergites without small teetfig. Trumpet without a distinct lobe on the rim; secondery cleft if present not very deep, opening of trumpet less transverse; hair 1 on VII with 1-13 branches. Spine VIII with well developed branches. Rim of trumpet thin and unform. Hair 1 on the paddle not so. Wing case with rows of round dark spots.

Larva: Bases of inner clypeal hairs much closer to one another than to the outer clypeals; antennal shaft hair branched. Antennal shaft hair shorter than 1/2 the length of antennal shaft. Antennal shaft hair longer than 1/2 the length of antennal shaft. Abdomen with fully developed palmate hairs on at least 5 segments. Inner shouder hair simple or with only short branches at the tip; less often from about half way; palmate hairs on abdominal segment II unpigmented. Mesothoracic hair 4 not so, the branches more or less straight and erect, and often arising along the length of the hair. Sutural hair often with 5-11 branches hair 6, 7 on abdominal segment I often with more than 20 branches. Pigment of abdominal palmate hair leaflets often extending to wards the tips.

Group Umbrosus (Reid, 1950)

Subgroup Baezai (Rattanarithikul, Harrison, Harbach & Panthusiri, 2006)

30. Anopheles baezai Gater, 1933

Mosquito: Costa divided by pale sports not more than 3 dark marks involving both costa and vein 1. Apex of hind fermur without black and white tuft of scales (femur with subapical pale band or costa with presector pale spot). Hind femur without a broad subapical pale band. Costa without a broad presector pale spot or with only narrow spot. Sternum VII without tuft of black scales. Palps black without pale bands. With 1-6 propleural setae on both sides. Upper mesepimerum with 9-19 setae and a few inconspicuous dark scales; tarsi all dark or at most minutely pale at the joints.

Pupa: Trumpet with the longest axis more or less transverse to the stem, the rim sometimes with a second split opposite to the meatal cleft, or if longest axis not transverse to stem there is a lobe, often complex, on the rim. Hind margins of abdominal tergites with small teeth (exept An. baezat); trumpet with a lobeon the rim or a very deep secondery cleft. Without a pigmented projection below the root of the trumpet, trumpet of the living pupa wide apart; paddles mostly 3/4 or less as wide as long. Lateral spines on V only about twice as long as wide and more rounded; paddle with refractile border less than 2/3 its length (fig.4c, d).

Larva: Bases of inner clypeal hairs much closer to one another than to the outer clypeals; antennal shaft hair branched. Antennal shaft hair shorter than 1/2 the length of antennal shaft. Antennal shaft hair longer than 1/2 the length of antennal shaft. Abdomen without developed palmate hairs, or only on 2 or 3 segments. Palmate hairs on abdominal segments undeveloped. Hairs 6 on abdoment IV with 7-10 branches; inner clypeal hairs with 5 branches or more.

Subgroup Letifer (Reid, 1968)

31. Anopheles letifer Sandosham, 1944

Mosquito: Costa divided by pale sports not more than 3 dark marks involving both costa and vein 1. Apex of hind fermur without black and white tuft of scales (femur with subapical pale band or costa with presector pale spot). Hind femur without a broad subapical pale band. Costa without a broad presector pale spot or with only narrow spot. Sternum VII without tuft of black scales. Palps black without pale bands. Palps black without pale bands. With 1 propleural setae on only one side. Base of vein 6 all pale or with only 2-3 dark scales.

Pupa: Trumpet with the longest axis more or less transverse to the stem, the rim sometimes with a second split opposite to the meatal cleft, or if longest axis not transverse to stem there is a lobe, often complex, on the rim. Hind margins of abdominal tergites with small teeth (exept An. baezai); trumpet with a lobeon the rim or a very deep secondery cleft. Ventro lateral angle of the dorsal plate below the root of the trumpet projecting as a pigmented flange trumpet of the living pupa approximated or meeting in the middorsal line; paddles mostly more than 3/4 as wide as long. Hair 0 on IV large with 4-14 branches; rim of trumped not so. Tragus of trumpet complex, more or less T-sharped in out line.

Larva: Bases of inner clypeal hairs much closer to one another than to the outer clypeals; antennal shaft hair branched. Antennal shaft hair shorter than 1/2 the length of antennal shaft. Antennal shaft hair longer than 1/2 the length of antennal shaft. Abdomen without developed palmate hairs, or only on 2 or 3 segments. Palmate hairs on abdominal segments undeveloped. Hairs 6 on abdoment IV with 2-4 branches; inner clypeal hairs simple or with < 5 branches. Antennal shaft hairs usually with less than 20 branches not particulary bushy; terminal hairs usually with one or two of the branches rather stou and slightly hooked.

32. Anopheles whartoni Reid, 1963

Mosquito: Costa divided by pale sports not more than 3 dark marks involving both costa and vein 1. Apex of hind fermur without black and white tuft of scales (femur with subapical pale band or costa with presector pale spot). Hind femur without a broad subapical pale band. Costa without a broad presector pale spot or with only narrow spot. Sternum VII without tuft of black scales. Palps black without pale bands. Palps black without pale bands. With 1 propleural setae on only one side. Base of vein 6 all pale with more than 5 dark scales.

Pupa: Trumpet with the longest axis more or less transverse to the stem, the rim sometimes with a second split opposite to the meatal cleft, or if longest axis not transverse to stem there is a lobe, often complex, on the rim. Hind margins of abdominal tergites with small teeth (exept An. baezai); trumpet with a lobeon the rim or a very deep secondery cleft. Ventro lateral angle of the dorsal plate below the root of the trumpet projecting as a pigmented flange trumpet of the living pupa approximated or meeting in the middorsal line; paddles mostly more than 3/4 as wide as long. Hair 0 on IV large with 4-14 branches; rim of trumped not so. Tragus of trumpet simpler, spatulate (Fig. 6b).

Larva: Bases of inner clypeal hairs much closer to one another than to the outer clypeals; antennal shaft hair branched. Antennal shaft hair shorter than 1/2 the length of antennal shaft. Antennal shaft hair longer than 1/2 the length of antennal shaft. Abdomen without developed palmate hairs, or only on 2 or 3 segments. Palmate hairs on abdominal segments undeveloped. Hairs 6 on abdoment IV with 2-4 branches; inner clypeal hairs simple or with < 5 branches. Antennal shaft hairs usually with less than 20 branches not particulary bushy; terminal hairs usually with one or two of the branches rather stou and slightly hooked (16 b)

Subgroup Separatus (Rattanarithikul, Harrison, Harbach & Panthusiri, 2006)

33. Anopheles separates (Leicester, 1908)

Mosquito: Costa divided by pale sports not more than 3 dark marks involving both costa and vein 1. Apex of hind fermur without black and white tuft of scales (femur with subapical pale band or costa with presector pale spot). Hind femur without a broad subapical pale band. Costa without a broad presector pale spot or with only narrow spot. Sternum VII without tuft of black scales. Palps with pale bands.

Pupa: Trumpet with the longest axis more or less transverse to the stem, the rim sometimes with a second split opposite to the meatal cleft, or if longest axis not transverse to stem there is a lobe, often complex, on the rim. Hind margins of abdominal tergites with small teeth (exept An. baezat); trumpet with a lobeon the rim or a very deep secondery cleft. Ventro lateral angle of the dorsal plate below the root of the trumpet projecting as a pigmented flange trumpet of the living pupa approximated or meeting in the middorsal line; paddles mostly more than 3/4 as wide as long. Hair 0 on IV small with 1-2 branches; trumped with two thickened pigmented areas along the rim.

Larva: Bases of inner clypeal hairs much closer to one another than to the outer clypeals; antennal shaft hair branched. Antennal shaft hair shorter than 1/2 the length of antennal shaft. Antennal shaft hair longer than 1/2 the length of antennal shaft. Abdomen without developed palmate hairs, or only on 2 or 3 segments. Palmate hairs on abdominal segments undeveloped. Hairs 6 on abdoment IV with 2-4 branches; inner clypeal hairs simple or with < 5 branches. Antennal shaft hairs usually bushy with 25 or more branches; branches of the terminal hairs all fine not hooked.

Subgroup Umbrosus (Rattanarithikul, Harrison, Harbach & Panthusiri, 2006)

34. Anopheles umbrosus (Theobald, 1903)

Mosquito: Costa divided by pale sports not more than 3 dark marks involving both costa and vein 1. Apex of hind fermur without black and white tuft of scales (femur with subapical pale band or costa with presector pale spot). Hind femur without a broad subapical pale band. Costa without a broad presector pale spot or with only narrow spot. Sternum VII without tuft of black scales. Palps black without pale bands. With 1-6 propleural setae on both sides. Upper mesepimerum with 1-6 setae and without dark scales; fore and hind tarsi with small pale bands.

Pupa: Trumpet with the longest axis more or less transverse to the stem, the rim sometimes with a second split opposite to the meatal cleft, or if longest axis not transverse to stem there is a lobe, often complex, on the rim. Hind margins of abdominal tergites with no small teeth; trumpet with a lobeon the rim or a very deep secondery cleft. Without a pigmented projection below the root of the trumpet, trumpet of the living pupa wide apart; paddles mostly 3/4 or less as wide as long. Lateral spines on V 4-6 times as long as wide and tapering to a point; paddle with refractile border more than 4/5 its length.

Larva: Bases of inner clypeal hairs much closer to one another than to the outer clypeals; antennal shaft hair branched. Bases of inner clypeal hairs much closer to one another than to the outer clypeals. Antennal shaft hair longer than 1/2 the length of antennal shaft. Abdomen without developed palmate hairs, or only on 2 or 3 segments. Palmate hairs on abdominal IV and V developed.

SUBGENUS CELLIA (THEOBALD, 1902)

Series Myzomyia (Christophers, 1924)

Complex Jeyporiensis (Rattanarithikul, Harrison, Harbach & Panthusiri, 2006)

35. Anopheles jeyporiensis James, 1902
(Include A, B, C, D genetic forms)

Mosquito: Costa always divided by pale sports into 4 or more dark marks involving both costa and vein 1. Upper proepistemal setae present. Palps with three pale bands; antepronotum without scales. Fore tarsi entirely dark or with only narrow pale bands at tip. Vein 1 usually with accessory pale spot on preapical dark (PD) mark or PD on vein 1 shorter than PD on costa; vein 6 usually with three dark marks and a fringe spot at tip.

Pupa: Trumpet with the longest axis usually more or less vertical, no second split, rim simple entire. Trumpet not so broad and rounded. Paddle broader, seldom more than 1.5 times as long as wide; hair 5 on V-VIIn not much stronger than hair 1 which is not weak; Lobes of male genital pouch always ending in a knob. Paddle hair hooked at tip, long and often sinuate; lateral spines on V-VII more than as long as the segment. Hair 1 on II with more than 10 branches. Hair 1 on V-VII usually branched. Wing case pigmented.

Larva: Bases of inner clypeal hairs wider apart and closer to the bases of the outer clypeals than to one onother; antennal shaft hair small or minute and nearly always simple. Out clypeal hairs simple or with a few short side branches, not brush-like. Abdominal tergal plates not very large, those on segments IV-VII not as wider as the distance between the bases of each pah of palmate hairs. One of the 3 long pleural hairs of the prothorax feathered. Formula for thoracic pleural hairs: branched, simple, branched. Clypeal hairs completely branched.

Group Funestus (Garros, 2004)

Subgroup Aconitus (Chen et al., 2003)

36. Anopheles aconitus Doenitz, 1902
(Include A, B, C genetic forms)

Mosquito: Costa always divided by pale sports into 4 or more dark marks involving both costa and vein 1. upper proepistemal setae present. Palps with three pale bands; antepronotum without scales. Fore tarsi entirely dark or with only narrow pale bands at tip. Vein 1 usually without accessory pale spot on preapical dark (PD) mark; vein 6 usually with two or three dark marks, without fringe spot at tip. Base of vein 1 with only pale or cream scales. Outer half of proboscis markedly yellow; vein 6 usually with three dark marks and a fringe spot.

Pupa: Trumpet with the longest axis usually more or less vertical, no second split, rim simple entire. Trumpet not so broad and rounded. Paddle broader, seldom more than 1.5 times as long as wide; hair 5 on V-VIIn not much stronger than hair 1 which is not weak; Lobes of male genital pouch always ending in a knob. Paddle hair hooked at tip, long and often sinuate; lateral spines on V-VII more than as long as the segment. Hair 1 on II with more than 10 branches. Hair 1 on V-VII usually branched. Wing case usually unpigmented. Lateral spines on IV sharp.

Larva: Bases of inner clypeal hairs wider apart and closer to the bases of the outer clypeals than to one onother; antennal shaft hair small or minute and nearly always simple. Out clypeal hairs simple or with a few short side branches, not brush-like. Abdominal tergal plates very large, those on segments IV-VII wider than the distance between the bases of each pair of palmate hairs. Clypeal hairs completely frayed.

37. Anopheles pampanai Buttiker & Beales, 1959

Mosquito: Costa always divided by pale sports into 4 or more dark marks involving both costa and vein 1. Upper proepistemal setae present. Palps with three pale bands; antepronotum without scales. Fore tarsi entirely dark or with only narrow pale bands at tip. Vein 1 usually without accessory pale spot on preapical dark (PD) mark; vein 6 usually with two or three dark marks, without fringe spot at tip. Base of vein 1 with only grey or dark scales. Vein 3 entirely pale except two small dark mark: one at base and one at tip; Palps with preapical pale band as long as or shorter than apical pale band.

Pupa: Trumpet with the longest axis usually more or less vertical, no second split, rim simple entire. Trumpet not so broad and rounded. Paddle broader, seldom more than 1.5 times as long as wide; hair 5 on V-VIIn not much stronger than hair 1 which is not weak; Lobes of male genital pouch always ending in a knob. Paddle hair hooked at tip, long and often sinuate; lateral spines on V-VII more than as long as the segment. Hair 1 on II with more than 10 branches. Hair 1 on V-VII usually branched. Wing case usually unpigmented. Lateral spines on IV blunt. Border teeth not extending to the paddle hair; hair 7 on III with 5-9 branches; hair 7-IV with 5-6 branches; hair 4-IV 4-6 branches.

Larva: Bases of inner clypeal hairs wider apart and closer to the bases of the outer clypeals than to one onother; antennal shaft hair small or minute and nearly always simple. Out clypeal hairs simple or with a few short side branches, not brush-like. Abdominal tergal plates very large, those on segments IV-VII wider than the distance between the bases of each pair of palmate hairs. Clypeal hairs completely simple. Anterior tergal plates on II usually sharply concave behind; hair 0 simple and arising well inside the margin of anterior tergal plates.

38. Anopheles varuna Iyenga, 1924

Mosquito: Costa always divided by pale sports into 4 or more dark marks involving both costa and vein 1. Upper proepistemal setae present. Palps with three pale bands; antepronotum without scales. Fore tarsi entirely dark or with only narrow pale bands at tip. Vein 1 usually without accessory pale spot on preapical dark (PD) mark; vein 6 usually with two or three dark marks, without fringe spot at tip. Base of vein 1 with only pale or cream scales. Outer half of proboscis dark or with only some pale scales on ventral; vein 6 usually with two dark marks and without fringe spot. Costa without presector pale marks; vein 5.1 with a long dark marks on apical half; proboscis with some pale scales on ventral.

Pupa: Trumpet with the longest axis usually more or less vertical, no second split, rim simple entire. Trumpet not so broad and rounded. Paddle broader, seldom more than 1.5 times as long as wide; hair 5 on V-VIIn not much stronger than hair 1 which is not weak; Lobes of male genital pouch always ending in a knob. Paddle hair hooked at tip, long and often sinuate; lateral spines on V-VII more than as long as the segment. Hair 1 on II with more than 10 branches. Hair 1 on V-VII usually branched. Wing case usually unpigmented. Lateral spines on IV blunt. Border teeth more or less extending to the paddle hair; hair 7 on III with 2-5 branches; hair 7-IV with 1-5 branches; hair 4-IV 1-4 branches.

Larva: Bases of inner clypeal hairs wider apart and closer to the bases of the outer clypeals than to one onother; antennal shaft hair small or minute and nearly always simple. Out clypeal hairs simple or with a few short side branches, not brush-like. Abdominal tergal plates very large, those on segments IV-VII wider than the distance between the bases of each pair of palmate hairs. Clypeal hairs completely simple. Clypeal hairs completely simple. Anterior tergal plates on II not so. Hair 0 on IV-VII usually simple, arising well inside the margin of anterior tergal plates.

Subgroup Culicifacies (Garros, Butlin & Harbach, 2004)

39. Anopheles culicifacies Giles, 1901
(Include A, B, C genetic forms)

Mosquito: Costa always divided by pale sports into 4 or more dark marks involving both costa and vein 1. Upper proepistemal setae present. Palps with three pale bands; antepronotum without scales. Fore tarsi entirely dark or with only narrow pale bands at tip. Vein 1 usually without accessory pale spot on preapical dark (PD) mark; vein 6 usually with two or three dark marks, without fringe spot at tip. Base of vein 1 with only grey or dark scales. Vein 3 entirely dark; palps with preapical pale band longer than apical pale band.

Pupa: Trumpet with the longest axis usually more or less vertical, no second split, rim simple entire. Trumpet not so broad and rounded. Paddle broader, seldom more than 1.5 times as long as wide; hair 5 on V-VII not much stronger than hair 1 which is not weak; Lobes of male genital pouch always ending in a knob. Paddle hair hooked at tip, long and often sinuate; lateral spines on V-VII more than as long as the segment. Hair 1 on II with more than 10 branches. Hair 1 on V-VII usually simple.

Larva: Bases of inner clypeal hairs wider apart and closer to the bases of the outer clypeals than to one onother; antennal shaft hair small or minute and nearly always simple. Out clypeal hairs simple or with a few short side branches, not brush-like. Abdominal tergal plates not very large, those on segments IV-VII not as wider as the distance between the bases of each pair of palmate hairs. One of the 3 long pleural hairs of the prothorax feathered. Formula for thoracic pleural hairs: branched, simple, branched. Clypeal hairs completely simple.

Subgroup Minimus (Chen, Butlin & Harbach, 2003)

Complex Minimus (Green, Gass, Munsterman & Baimai, 1990)

40. Anopheles minimus Theobald, 1901
(include An. minimus C)

Mosquito: Costa always divided by pale sports into 4 or more dark marks involving both costa and vein 1. upper proepistemal setae present. Palps with three pale bands; antepronotum without scales. Fore tarsi entirely dark or with only narrow pale bands at tip. Vein 1 usually without accessory pale spot on preapical dark (PD) mark; vein 6 usually with two or three dark marks, without fringe spot at tip. Base of vein 1 with only pale or cream scales. Outer half of proboscis dark or with only some pale scales on ventral; vein 6 usually with two dark marks and without fringe spot. Costa with presector pale marks; vein 5.1 with two dark marks on apical half; proboscis usually all dark.

Pupa: Trumpet with the longest axis usually more or less vertical, no second split, rim simple entire. Trumpet not so broad and rounded. Paddle broader, seldom more than 1.5 times as long as wide; hair 5 on V-VII not much stronger than hair 1 which is not weak; Lobes of male genital pouch always ending in a knob. Paddle hair hooked at tip, long and often sinuate; lateral spines on V-VII more than as long as the segment. Hair 1 on V-VII usually simple. Hair 1 on II with less than 10 branches.

Larva: Bases of inner clypeal hairs wider apart and closer to the bases of the outer clypeals than to one onother; antennal shaft hair small or minute and nearly always simple. Out clypeal hairs simple or with a few short side branches, not brush-like. Abdominal tergal plates very large, those on segments IV-VII wider than the distance between the bases of each pair of palmate hairs. Clypeal hairs completely simple. Clypeal hairs completely simple. Anterior tergal plates on II not so. Hair 0 on IV-VII usually arising well outside the margin of anterior tergal plates; with up to 5 branches.

Series Neocellia (Christophers, 1924)

Group Annularis (Reid, 1968)

41. Anopheles annularis Van der Wulp, 1884

Mosquito: Costa always divided by pale sports into 4 or more dark marks involving both costa and vein 1. Upper proepistemal setae absent. Femora, tibiae and tarsus 1 not speckled. Palps with three pale bands; Hind tarsi with 3th, 4th and 5th all white. Vein 5 with a dark mark at the fork.

Pupa: Trumpet with the longest axis usually more or less vertical, no second split, rim simple entire. Trumpet not so broad and rounded. Paddle broader, seldom more than 1.5 times as long as wide; hair 5 on V-VIIn not much stronger than hair 1 which is not weak; Lobes of male genital pouch always ending in a knob. Paddle hair hooked at tip, long and often sinuate; lateral spines on V-VII more than as long as the segment. Hair 9 on I small not longer than the segment; may be branched. Hair 1 on V-VII usually simple or with only very few branches, spine IV 1/5 or more as long as the segment; refractile border not so. Paddle hair (in normal position) usually about 1/4 as long as the length of paddle. Spine VII about or less than 1/2 as long as the segment. Hair 2 on VII usually 2-4 branches; trumpet with meatus about 1/4 its length. Hair 9 on I usually 3 branched; spine IV usually about 2/3-3/4 as long as spine V; refractile border of paddle with ordinary teeth distally.

Larva: Bases of inner clypeal hairs wider apart and closer to the bases of the outer clypeals than to one onother; antennal shaft hair small or minute and nearly always simple. Out clypeal hairs with many distal branches, brush-like. Sutural hair simple, sometimes bifid distally (Fig. 34a). Palmate hair on abdominal segment I developed.

42. Anopheles Philippinensis Ludlow, 1902

Mosquito: Costa always divided by pale sports into 4 or more dark marks involving both costa and vein 1. Upper proepistemal setae absent. Femora, tibiae and tarsus 1 not speckled. Palps with three pale bands; Hind tarsi with 3th, 4th and 5th all white. Vein 5 without dark mark at the fork. Presector dark mark on vein 1 not usually reaching back as far as or overlapping distal end of humeral dark mark on costa.

Pupa: Trumpet with the longest axis usually more or less vertical, no second split, rim simple entire. Trumpet not so broad and rounded. Paddle broader, seldom more than 1.5 times as long as wide; hair 5 on V-VIIn not much stronger than hair 1 which is not weak; Lobes of male genital pouch always ending in a knob. Paddle hair hooked at tip, long and often sinuate; lateral spines on V-VII more than as long as the segment. Hair 9 on I small not longer than the segment; may be branched. Hair 1 on V-VII usually simple or with only very few branches. Spine IV 1/5 or more as long as the segment; refractile border not so. Paddle hair (in normal position) often about 1/3 or more as long as the length of paddle. Spine III usually 1/2 or more as long as spine IV; paddle with less than 10 fringe teeth.

Larva: Bases of inner clypeal hairs wider apart and closer to the bases of the outer clypeals than to one onother; antennal shaft hair small or minute and nearly always simple. Out clypeal hairs with many distal branches, brush-like. Sutural hair split near the base into 2-10 branches. Filaments of palmate hairs commonly about 1/3 as long as the blades which frequently have a mottled partern distaly.

Complex Nivipes (Harrison, Rattanarithikul, Peyton & Mongkolpanya, 1991)

43. Anopheles nivipes (Theobald, 1903)
(Include A, B genetic forms)

Mosquito: Costa always divided by pale sports into 4 or more dark marks involving both costa and vein 1. Upper proepistemal setae absent. Palps with three pale bands; Hind tarsi with 3th, 4th and 5th all white. Vein 5 without dark mark at the fork. Presector dark mark on vein 1 usually reaching back as far as or overlapping distal end ofhumeral dark mark on costa.

Pupa: Trumpet with the longest axis usually more or less vertical, no second split, rim simple entire. Trumpet not so broad and rounded. Paddle broader, seldom more than 1.5 times as long as wide; hair 5 on V-VIIn not much stronger than hair 1 which is not weak; Lobes of male genital pouch always ending in a knob. Paddle hair hooked at tip, long and often sinuate; lateral spines on V-VII more than as long as the segment. Hair 9 on I small not longer than the segment; may be branched. Hair 1 on V-VII usually simple or with only very few branches. Spine IV 1/5 or more as long as the segment; refractile border not so. Paddle hair (in normal position) usually about 1/4 as long as the length of paddle. Spine VII about or less than 1/2 as long as the segment. Hair 2 on VII usually 2-4 branches; trumpet with meatus about 1/4 its length. Hair 9 on I usually simple or bifid; spine IV usually about 1/2-2/3 as long as spine V; refractile border of paddle with distal fringe teeth having filamentous ends. Paddle hair hooked but not coiled.

Larva: Bases of inner clypeal hairs wider apart and closer to the bases of the outer clypeals than to one onother; antennal shaft hair small or minute and nearly always simple. Out clypeal hairs with many distal branches, brush-like. Sutural hair split near the base into 2-10 branches. Filaments of palmate hairs usually about half as long as the blades which are usually lightly and evenly pigmented.

Group Jamesi (Rattanarithikul, Harrison, Harbach & Panthusiri, 2006)

44. Anopheles jamesi Theobald, 1901
(Include A, B, C genetic forms)

Mosquito: Costa always divided by pale sports into 4 or more dark marks involving both costa and vein 1. Upper proepistemal setae absent. Femora, tibiae and tarsus 1 speckled. Hind tarsi with broad pale bands; at least 5th segment all white. The last three hind tarsal segments all white. Palps with apical pale band broad but subapical one narrow, segment II without pale spots wing vein 3 usually with three dark marks. Tergite VII-VIII with pale golden scales; vein 5 usually without dark mark at the fork.

Pupa: Trumpet with the longest axis usually more or less vertical, no second split, rim simple entire. Trumpet not so broad and rounded. Paddle broader, seldom more than 1.5 times as long as wide; hair 5 on V-VIIn not much stronger than hair 1 which is not weak; Lobes of male genital pouch always ending in a knob. Paddle hair hooked at tip, long and often sinuate; lateral spines on V-VII more than as long as the segment. Hair 9 on I small not longer than the segment; may be branched. Hair 1 on V-VII usually simple or with only very few branches. Spine IV 1/5 or more as long as the segment; refractile border not so. Paddle hair (in normal position) usually about 1/4 as long as the length ofpaddle. Spine VII about or less than 1/2 as long as the segment. Hair 2 on VII usually 2-4 branches; trumpet with meatus about 1/4 its length. Hair 9 on I usually simple or bifid; spine IV usually about 1/2-2/3 as long as spine V; refractile border of paddle with distal fringe teeth having filamentous ends. Paddle hair rather strongly coiled.

Larva: Bases of inner clypeal hairs wider apart and closer to the bases of the outer clypeals than to one onother; antennal shaft hair small or minute and nearly always simple. Out clypeal hairs with many distal branches, brush-like. Palmate hair on abdominal segment I undeveloped.

45. Anopheles pseudojamesi Strickland & Chowdhury, 1927

Mosquito: Costa always divided by pale sports into 4 or more dark marks involving both costa and vein 1. Upper proepistemal setae absent. Femora, tibiae and tarsus 1 speckled. Hind tarsi with broad pale bands; at least 5th segment all white. The last three hind tarsal segments all white. Palps with apical pale band broad but subapical one narrow, segment II without pale spots wing vein 3 usually with three dark marks. Tergite VII-VIII without golden scales though with some black lateral and white median ones; vein 5 with a dark mark at the fork.

Pupa: Trumpet with the longest axis usually more or less vertical, no second split, rim simple entire. Trumpet not so broad and rounded. Paddle broader, seldom more than 1.5 times as long as wide; hair 5 on V-VIIn not much stronger than hair 1 which is not weak; Lobes of male genital pouch always ending in a knob. Paddle hair hooked at tip, long and often sinuate; lateral spines on V-VII more than as long as the segment. Hair 9 on I small not longer than the segment; may be branched. Hair 1 on V-VII usually simple or with only very few branches, spine IV 1/5 or more as long as the segment; refractile border not so. Paddle hair (in normal position) usually about 1/4 as long as the length of paddle. Spine VII about or less than 1/2 as long as the segment. Hair 2 on VII usually simple; trumpet with meatus about 1/3 its length.

Larva: Bases of inner clypeal hairs wider apart and closer to the bases of the outer clypeals than to one onother; antennal shaft hair small or minute and nearly always simple. Out clypeal hairs simple or with a few short side branches, not brush-like. Abdominal tergal plates not very large, those on segments IV-VII not as wider as the distance between the bases of each pair of palmate hairs. One of the 3 long pleural hairs of the prothorax feathered. Formula for thoracic pleural hairs: branched, branched, branched. Inner and outer clypeal hairs branched. Inner shouder hair small, usually with less than 15 branches.

46. Anopheles splendidus Koidzumi, 1920

Mosquito: Costa always divided by pale sports into 4 or more dark marks involving both costa and vein 1. Upper proepistemal setae absent. Femora, tibiae and tarsus 1 speckled. Hind tarsi with broad pale bands; at least 5th segment all white. The last three hind tarsal segments all white. Palps with last two pale bands broad and subequal, segment II with some distinct pale spots; wing vein 3 usually with four dark marks.

Pupa: Trumpet with the longest axis usually more or less vertical, no second split, rim simple entire. Trumpet not so broad and rounded. Paddle broader, seldom more than 1.5 times as long as wide; hair 5 on V-VII not much stronger than hair 1 which is not weak; Lobes of male genital pouch always ending in a knob. Paddle hair hooked at tip, long and often sinuate; lateral spines on V-VII more than as long as the segment. Hair 9 on I small not longer than the segment; may be branched. Hair 1 on V-VII usually branched.

Larva: Bases of inner clypeal hairs wider apart and closer to the bases of the outer, clypeals than to one onother; antennal shaft hair small or minute and nearly always simple. Out clypeal hairs simple or with a few short side branches, not brush-like. Abdominal tergal plates not very large, those on segments IV-VII not as wider as the distance between the bases of each pair of palmate hairs. One of the 3 long pleural hairs of the prothorax feathered. Formula for thoracic pleural hairs: branched, branched, branched. Inner and outer clypeal hairs branched. Inner shouder hair larger, often with more than 15 branches. Sutural hair usually with 2-4 branches, seldom simple.

Group Maculatus (Rattanarithikul, Harrison, Harbach & Panthusiri, 2006)

Subgroup Maculatus (Rattanarithikul, Harrison, Harbacb & Panthusiri, 2006)

47. Anopheles dravidicus Christophers, 1924

Mosquito: Costa always divided by pale sports into 4 or more dark marks involving both costa and vein 1. Upper proepistemal setae absent. Femora, tibiae and tarsus 1 speckled. Hind tarsi with broad pale bands; at least 5th segment all white. Only 5th segment all white. Abdominal terga II-IV with pale scales. Vein 2 with a dark mark at the fork.

Pupa: Trumpet with the longest axis usually more or less vertical, no second split, rim simple entire. Trumpet not so broad and rounded. Paddle broader, seldom more than 1.5 times as long as wide; hair 5 on V-VII not much stronger than hair 1 which is not weak; Lobes of male genital pouch always ending in a knob. Paddle hair hooked at tip, long and often sinuate; lateral spines on V-VII more than as long as the segment. Hair 9 on I small not longer than the segment; may be branched. Hair 1 on V-VII usually simple or with only very few branches. Spine IV 1/5 or more as long as the segment; refractile border not so. Paddle hair (in normal position) often about 1/3 or more as long as the length of paddle. Spine III usually less than 1/2 as long as spine IV; paddle with more than 10 fringe teeth. Paddle about 1.4-1.6 as long as wide. Spine IV usually not so. Paddle about 1.4 as long as wide; refractile border about 1/3-2/5 as long as paddle; spine IV usually about 1/5 as long as spine V. Refractile border about 1/3 as long as paddle.

Larva: Bases of inner clypeal hairs wider apart and closer to the bases of the outer clypeals than to one onother; antennal shaft hair small or minute and nearly always simple. Out clypeal hairs simple or with a few short side branches, not brush-like. Abdominal tergal plates not very large, those on segments IV-VII not as wider as the distance between the bases of each pair of palmate hairs. One of the 3 long pleural hairs of the prothorax feathered. Formula for thoracic pleural hairs: branched, branched, branched. Inner and outer clypeal hairs branched. Inner shouder hair larger, often with more than 15 branches. Inner shouder hair larger, often with more than 15 branches. Lateral hairs on abd. segm. V and VI with 3-6 branches, filamen of palmate hairs sharply pointed. Palmate hair on abdominal segment II fairly well developed but none obvious leaflets. Palmate hair on abdominal segments III-VII not so; the leafts pigmented only on the base and the tip, with the filaments as long as 1/3 the blades.

48. Anopheles maculatus Theobald, 1901
(Include E, K genetic forms)

Mosquito: Costa always divided by pale sports into 4 or more dark marks involving both costa and vein 1. Upper proepistemal setae absent. Femora, tibiae and tarsus 1 speckled. Hind tarsi with broad pale bands; at least 5th segment all white. Only 5th segment all white. Abdominal terga II-IV without pale scales. Abdominal terga V-VIII with pale scales.

Pupa: Trumpet with the longest axis usually more or less vertical, no second split, rim simple entire. Trumpet not so broad and rounded. Paddle broader, seldom more than 1.5 times as long as wide; hair 5 on V-VIIn not much stronger than hair 1 which is not weak; Lobes of male genital pouch always ending in a knob. Paddle hair hooked at tip, long and often sinuate; lateral spines on V-VII more than as long as the segment. Hair 9 on I small not longer than the segment; may be branched. Hair 1 on V-VII usually simple or with only very few branches. Spine IV 1/5 or more as long as the segment; refractile border not so. Paddle hair (in normal position) often about 1/3 or more as long as the length of paddle. Spine III usually less than 1/2 as long as spine IV; paddle with more than 10 fringe teeth. Paddle about 1.4-1.6 as long as wide. Spine IV usually not so. Paddle about 1.4 as long as wide; refractile border about 1/3-2/5 as long as paddle; spine IV usually about 1/5 as long as spine V. Refractile border about 1/3 as long as paddle.

Larva: Bases of inner clypeal hairs wider apart and closer to the bases of the outer clypeals than to one onother; antennal shaft hair small or minute and nearly always simple. Out clypeal hairs simple or with a few short side branches, not brush-tike. Abdominal tergal plates not very large, those on segments IV-VII not as wider as the distance between the bases of each pair of palmate hairs. One of the 3 long pleural hairs of the prothorax feathered. Formula for thoracic pleural hairs: branched, branched, branched. Inner and outer clypeal hairs branched. Inner shouder hair larger, often with more than 15 branches. Sutural hair usually simple, seldom 2 branches, simple. Lateral hairs on abd. segm. V and VI with 3-6 branches, filamen of palmate hairs sharply pointed. Palmate hair on abdominal segment II fairly well developed but none obvious leaflets. Anterior tergal plates on abdominal segments III-VII small, the width as long as 3,5-4 the length; filaments of palmate hair on abdominal segments in-VII as long as 1/3 the blade.

Subgroup Sawadwongpomi (Rattanarithikul, Harrison, Harbach & Panthusiri, 2006)

49. Anopheleles notanandai Rattanaritihkul & Green, 1986

Mosquito: Costa always divided by pale sports into 4 or more dark marks involving both costa and vein 1. Upper proepistemal setae absent. Femora, tibiae and tarsus 1 speckled. Hind tarsi with broad pale bands; at least 5th segment all white. Only 5th segment all white. Abdominal terga II-IV with pale scales. Vein 2 with a dark mark at the fork. Posterolateral comers of abdominal terga IV-VII with a line by dark scales.

Pupa: Trumpet with the longest axis usually more or less vertical, no second split, rim simple entire. Trumpet not so broad and rounded. Paddle broader, seldom more than 1.5 times as long as wide; hair 5 on V-VII not much stronger than hair 1 which is not weak; Lobes of male genital pouch always ending in a knob. Paddle hair hooked at tip, long and often sinuate; lateral spines on V-VII more than as long as the segment. Hair 9 on I small not longer than the segment; may be branched. Hair 1 on V-VII usually simple or with only very few branches, spine IV 1/5 or more as long as the segment; refractile border not so. Paddle hair (in normal position) often about 1/3 or more as long as the length of paddle. Spine III usually less than 1/2 as long as spine IV; paddle with more than 10 fringe teeth. Paddle about 1.2 as long as wide; refractile border about 1/2 as long as paddle.

Larva: Bases of inner clypeal hairs wider apart and closer to the bases of the outer clypeals than to one onother; antennal shaft hair small or minute and nearly always simple. Out clypeal hairs simple or with a few short side branches, not brushlike. Abdominal tergal plates not very large, those on segments IV-VII not as wider as the distance between the bases of each pair of palmate hairs. One of the 3 long pleural hairs of the prothorax feathered. Formula for thoracic pleural hairs: branched, branched, branched. Inner and outer clypeal hairs branched. Inner shouder hair larger, often with more than 15 branches. Sutural hair usually simple, seldom 2 branches, simple. Lateral hairs on abd. segm. V and VI with 3-6 branches, filamen of palmate hairs sharply pointed. Palmate hair on abdominal segment II fairly well developed but none obvious leaflets. Anterior tergal plates on abdominal segments III-VII biger, the width as long as 2,5 the length; filaments of palmate hair on abdominal segments III-VII as long as 1/4-1/5 the blade. Filaments of palmate hair on abdominal segments II-V not so, as long as 1/5 the blade; pigment of whichs unclear. Mesothoracic hair 4 usually with 5 branches; postterior tergal plate on abdominal segments peanut-like, close behind anterior one.

50. Anopheles sawadwongporni Rattanarithikul & Green, 1986

Mosquito: Costa always divided by pale sports into 4 or more dark marks involving both costa and vein 1. Upper proepistemal setae absent. Femora, tibiae and tarsus 1 speckled. Hind tarsi with broad pale bands; at least 5th segment all white. Only 5th segment all white. Abdominal terga II-IV with pale scales. Vein 2 with a dark mark at the fork. Posterolateral comers of abdominal terga IV-VII with only some dark scales.

Pupa: Trumpet with the longest axis usually more or less vertical, no second split, rim simple entire. Trumpet not so broad and rounded. Paddle broader, seldom more than 1.5 times as long as wide; hair 5 on V-VIIn not much stronger than hair 1 which is not weak; Lobes of male genital pouch always ending in a knob. Paddle hair hooked at tip, long and often sinuate; lateral spines on V-VII more than as long as the segment. Hair 9 on I small not longer than the segment; may be branched. Hair 1 on V-VII usually simple or with only very few branches. Spine IV 1/5 or more as long as the segment; refractile border not so. Paddle hair (in normal position) often about 1/3 or more as long as the length of paddle. Spine III usually less than 1/2 as long as spine TV; paddle with more than 10 fringe teeth. Paddle about 1.4-1.6 as long as wide, spine IV usually not so. Paddle about 1.4 as long as wide; refractile border about 1/3-2/5 as long as paddle; spine IV usually about 1/5 as long as spine V. Refractile border about 2/5 as long as paddle.

Larva: Bases of inner clypeal hairs wider apart and closer to the bases of the outer clypeals than to one onother; antennal shaft hair small or minute and nearly always simple. Out clypeal hairs simple or with a few short side branches, not brush-like. Abdominal tergal plates not very large, those on segments IV-VII not as wider as the distance between the bases of each pair of palmate hairs. One of the 3 long pleural hairs of the prothorax feathered. Formula for thoracic pleural hairs: branched, branched, branched. Inner and outer clypeal hafirs branched. Inner shouder hair larger, often with more than 15 branches. Sutural hair usually simple, seldom 2 branches, simple. Lateral hairs on abd. segm. V and VI with 3-6 branches, filamen of palmate hairs sharply pointed. Palmate hair on abdominal segment II fairly well developed but none obvious leaflets. Anterior tergal plates on abdominal segments III-VII biger, the width as long as 2,5 the length; filaments of palmate hair on abdominal segments III-VII as long as 1/4-1/5 the blade. Filaments of palmate hair on abdominal segments II-V not so, as long as 1/5 the blade; pigment of whichs unclear. Mesothoracic hair 4 usually with 3 branches; postterior tergal plate on abdominal segments small and round, was hides by anterior one.

Ungrouped species

51. Anopheles pseudowillmori (Theobald, 1910)

Mosquito: Costa always divided by pale sports into 4 or more dark marks involving both costa and vein 1. Upper proepistemal setae absent. Femora, tibiae and tarsus 1 speckled. Hind tarsi with broad pale bands; at least 5th segment all white. Only 5th segment all white. Abdominal terga II-IV without pale scales. Only abdominal terga VIII with pale scales.

Pupa: Trumpet with the longest axis usually more or less vertical, no second split, rim simple entire. Trumpet not so broad and rounded. Paddle broader, seldom more than 1.5 times as long as wide; hair 5 on V-VII not much stronger than hair 1 which is not weak; Lobes of male genital pouch always ending in a knob. Paddle hair hooked at tip, long and often sinuate; lateral spines on V-VII more than as long as the segment. Hair 9 on I small not longer than the segment; may be branched. Hair 1 on V-VII usually simple or with only very few branches. Spine IV 1/5 or more as long as the segment; refractile border not so. Paddle hair (in normal position) often about 1/3 or more as long as the length of paddle. Spine III usually less than 1/2 as long as spine IV; paddle with more than 10 fringe teeth. Paddle about 1.4-1.6 as long as wide. Spine IV usually about 1/8-1/10 as long as spine V; paddle about 1.6 as long as wide; refractile border of paddle about 2/5 as long as paddle.

Larva: Bases of inner clypeal hairs wider apart and closer to the bases of the outer clypeals than to one onother; antennal shaft hair small or minute and nearly always simple. Out clypeal hairs simple or with a few short side branches, not brush-like. Abdominal tergal plates not very large, those on segments IV-VII not as wider as the distance between the bases of each pair of palmate hairs. One of the 3 long pleural hairs of the prothorax feathered. Formula for thoracic pleural hairs: branched, branched, branched. Inner and outer clypeal hairs branched. Inner shouder hair larger, often with more than 15 branches. Sutural hair usually simple, seldom 2 branches, simple. Lateral hairs on abd. segm. V and VI with 3-6 branches, filamen of palmate hairs sharply pointed. Palmate hair on abdominal segment II fairly well developed but none obvious leaflets. Anterior tergal plates on abdominal segments III-VII biger, the width as long as 2.5 the length; filaments of palmate hair on abdominal segments III-VII as long as 1/41/ 5 the blade. Filaments of palmate hair on abdominal segments II-V thin and pointed, as long as 1/2 the blade; pigment scattered on the distal half.

52. Anopheles willmori (James, 1903)

Mosquito: Costa always divided by pale sports into 4 or more dark marks involving both costa and vein 1. Upper proepistemal setae absent. Femora, tibiae and tarsus 1 speckled. Hind tarsi with broad pale bands; at least 5th segment all white. Only 5th segment all white. Abdominal terga II-IV with pale scales. Vein 2 without dark mark at the fork. Vein 3 with two dark marks at the base and tip.

Pupa: Trumpet with the longest axis usually more or less vertical, no second split, rim simple entire. Trumpet not so broad and rounded. Paddle broader, seldom more than 1.5 times as long as wide; hair 5 on V-VII not much stronger than hair 1 which is not weak; Lobes of male genital pouch always ending in a knob. Paddle hair hooked at tip, long and often sinuate; lateral spines on V-VII more than as long as the segment. Hair 9 on I small not longer than the segment; may be branched. Hair 1 on V-VII usually simple or with only very few branches, spine IV 1/5 or more as long as the segment; refractile border not so. Paddle hair (in normal position) often about 1/3 or more as long as the length of paddle, spine III usually less than 1/2 as long as spine IV; paddle with more than 10 fringe teeth. Paddle about 1.4-1.6 as long as wide. Spine IV usually not so. Paddle about 1.5 as long as wide; refractile border about 3/5 as long as paddle; spine IV usually about 1/3-1/4 as long as spine V.

Larva: Bases of inner clypeal hairs wider apart and closer to the bases of the outer clypeals than to one onother; antennal shaft hair small or minute and nearly always simple. Out clypeal hairs simple or with a few short side branches, not brush-like. Abdominal tergal plates not very large, those on segments IV-VII not as wider as the distance between the bases of each pair of palmate hairs. One of the 3 long pleural hairs of the prothorax feathered. Formula for thoracic pleural hairs: branched, branched, branched. Inner and outer clypeal hairs branched. Inner shouder hair larger,often with more than 15 branches. Inner shouder hair larger,often with more than 15 branches. Lateral hairs on abd. segm. V and VI with 3-6 branches, filamen of palmate hairs sharply pointed. Palmate hair on abdominal segment II fairly well developed but none obvious leaflets. Palmate hair on abdominal segments III-VII delicate; the leafts pigmented from the base to the tip, with the filaments as long as 1/2 the blades.

Ungrouped species

53. Anopheles karwari (James, 1903)
(Include A, B, C genetic forms)

Mosquito: Costa always divided by pale sports into 4 or more dark marks involving both costa and vein 1. Upper proepistemal setae absent. Femora, tibiae and tarsus 1 not speckled. Palps with three pale bands; Hind tarsi with 3th, 4th and 5th all white. Vein 5 with a dark mark at the fork.

Pupa: Trumpet with the longest axis usually more or less vertical, no second split, rim simple entire. Trumpet not so broad and rounded. Paddle broader, seldom more than 1.5 times as long as wide; hair 5 on V-VIIn not much stronger than hair 1 which is not weak; Lobes of male genital pouch always ending in a knob. Paddle hair hooked at tip, long and often sinuate; lateral spines on V-VII more than as long as the segment. Hair 9 on I small not longer than the segment; may be branched. Hair 1 on V-VII usually simple or with only very few branches, spine IV usually less than 1/10 as long as the segment; refractile border of paddle extending nearly the base of hair 1.

Larva: Bases of inner clypeal hairs wider apart and closer to the bases of the outer clypeals than to one onother; antennal shaft hair small or minute and nearly always simple. Out clypeal hairs simple or with a few short side branches, not brush-like. Abdominal tergal plates not very large, those on segments IV-VII not as wider as the distance between the bases of each pair of palmate hairs. One of the 3 long pleural hairs of the prothorax feathered. Formula for thoracic pleural hairs: branched, branched, branched. Inner and outer clypeal hairs branched. Inner shouder hair larger, often with more than 15 branches. Inner shouder hair larger, often with more than 15 branches. Sutural hair usually simple, seldom 2 branches, simple. Lateral hairs on abd. segm. V and VI with 6-16 branches, filamen of palmate hairs blunt-ended.

54. Anopheles stephensi Liston, 1901

Mosquito: Costa always divided by pale sports into 4 or more dark marks involving both costa and vein 1. Upper proepistemal setae absent. Femora, tibiae and tarsus 1 speckled. Hind tarsi with only narrow pale bands; 5th segment dark.

Pupa: Trumpet with the longest axis usually more or less vertical, no second split, rim simple entire. Trumpet not so broad and rounded. Paddle broader, seldom more than 1.5 times as long as wide; hair 5 on V-VIIn not much stronger than hair 1 which is not weak; Lobes of male genital pouch always ending in a knob. Paddle hair hooked at tip, long and often sinuate; lateral spines on V-VII more than as long as the segment. Hair 9 on I small not longer than the segment; may be branched. Hair 1 on V-VII usually simple or with only very few branches, spine IV 1/5 or more as long as the segment; refractile border not so. Paddle hair (in normal position) usually about 1/4 as long as the length of paddle. Spine VII more than 1/2 as long as the segment.

Larva: Bases of inner clypeal hairs wider apart and closer to the bases of the outer clypeals than to one onother; antennal shaft hair small or minute and nearly always simple. Out clypeal hairs simple or with a few short side branches, not brush-like. Abdominal tergal plates not very large, those on segments IV-VII not as wider as the distance between the bases of each pair of palmate hairs. One of the 3 long pleural hairs of the prothorax feathered. Formula for thoracic pleural hairs: branched, branched, branched. Inner and outer clypeal hairs simple.

Series Neomyzomyia (Christophers, 1924)

Group Kochi (Rattanarithikul, Harrison, Harbach & Panthusiri, 2006)

55. Anopheles kochi Doenitz, 1901

Mosquito: Costa always divided by pale sports into 4 or more dark marks involving both costa and vein 1. Upper proepistemal setae present. Palps with four or more pale bands; antepronotum with scales. Tibio-tarsal joint of hindleg without large white bands; proboscis with yellow scales on apical half. Underside of abdomen segments II-VII with a tuft of dark scales; hind tarsi with broad Palebands.

Pupa: Trumpet with the longest axis usually more or less vertical, no second split, rim simple entire. Trumpet not so broad and rounded. Paddle broader, seldom more than 1.5 times as long as wide; hair 5 on V-VIIn not much stronger than hair 1 which is not weak; Lobes of male genital pouch always ending in a knob. Paddle broader, seldom more than 1.5 times as long as wide; hair 5 on V-VIIn not much stronger than hair 1 which is not weak; Lobes of male genital pouch always ending in a knob. Paddle hair usually short and straight; lateral spines on V-VII seldom 1/2 as long as the segment. Lateral spines on VII 1/4-1/3 as long as the segment. Lateral spines on V less than 1/4 as long as the segment; paddle teeth moderate.

Larva: Bases of inner clypeal hairs wider apart and closer to the bases of the outer clypeals than to one onother; antennal shaft hair small or minute and nearly always simple. Out clypeal hairs simple or with a few short side branches, not brush-like. Abdominal tergal plates not very large, those on segments IV-VII not as wider as the distance between the bases of each pair of palmate hairs. None of the 3 long pleural hairs of the prothorax feathered, all simple. Thoracic pleural hairs completely simple. Root of inner and middle shouder hair without an apical prominent tooth. Inner shouder hair with 7-10 branches.

Group Leucosphyrus (Reid, 1949)

Subgroup Leucosphyrus (Peyton, 1990)

Complex Dirus (Peyton & Ramalingam, 1988)

56. Anopheles dirus Peyton & Harrison, 1979

Mosquito: Costa always divided by pale sports into 4 or more dark marks involving both costa and vein 1. Upper proepistemal setae present. Palps with four or more pale bands; antepronotum with scales. Tibio-tarsal joint of hindleg with large white bands; proboscis without yellow scales on apical half. Presector dark mark on vein 1 usually reaching back at least to the middle of presector pale mark on costa.

Pupa: Trumpet with the longest axis usually more or less vertical, no second split, rim simple entire. Trumpet not so broad and rounded. Paddle broader, seldom more than 1.5 times as long as wide; hair 5 on V-VIIn not much stronger than hair 1 which is not weak; Lobes of male genital pouch always ending in a knob. Paddle broader, seldom more than 1.5 times as long as wide; hair 5 on V-VIIn not much stronger than hair 1 which is not weak; Lobes of male genital pouch always ending in a knob. Paddle hair usually short and straight; lateral spines on V-VII seldom 1/2 as long as the segment. Lateral spines on VII 1/4-1/3 as long as the segment. Lateral spines on V more than 1/4 as long as the segment; paddle teeth may be coar-se and strong. Hair 1 on V-VII usually branched.

Larva: Bases of inner clypeal hairs wider apart and closer to the bases of the outer clypeals than to one onother; antennal shaft hair small or minute and nearly always simple. Out clypeal hairs simple or with a few short side branches, not brush-like. Abdominal tergal plates not very large, those on segments IV-VII not as wider as the distance between the bases of each pair of palmate hairs. None of the 3 long pleural hairs of the prothorax feathered, all simple. Thoracic pleural hairs completely simple. Root of inner and middle shouder hair with an apical prominent tooth. Root of inner shouder hair not joined to root of middle hair; the pecten with long teeth unpigmented, Oder unregulated.

57. Anopheles takasagoensis Morishita, 1946

Mosquito: Costa always divided by pale sports into 4 or more dark marks involving both costa and vein 1. Upper proepistemal setae present. Palps with four or more pale bands; antepronotum with scales. Tibio-tarsal joint of hindleg with large white bands; proboscis without yellow scales on apical half. Presector dark mark on vein 1 usually not reaching back, it often as long as presector dark mark on costa.

Pupa: Trumpet with the longest axis usually more or less vertical, no second split, rim simple entire. Trumpet not so broad and rounded. Paddle broader, seldom more than 1.5 times as long as wide; hair 5 on V-VIIn not much stronger than hair 1 which is not weak; Lobes of male genital pouch always ending in a knob. Paddle broader, seldom more than 1.5 times as long as wide; hair 5 on V-VIIn not much stronger than hair 1 which is not weak; Lobes of male genital pouch always ending in a knob. Paddle hair usually short and straight; lateral spines on V-VII seldom 1/2 as long as the segment. Lateral spines on VII 1/4-1/3 as long as the segment. Lateral spines on V more than 1/4 as long as the segment; paddle teeth may be coar-se and strong. Hair 1 on V-VII usually simple.

Larva: Bases of inner clypeal hairs wider apart and closer to the bases of the outer clypeals than to one onother; antennal shaft hair small or minute and nearly always simple. Out clypeal hairs simple or with a few short side branches, not brush-like. Abdominal tergal plates not very large, those on segments IV-VII not as wider as the distance between the bases of each pair of palmate hairs. None of the 3 long pleural hairs of the prothorax feathered, all simple. Thoracic pleural hairs completely simple. Root of inner and middle shouder hair with an apical prominent tooth. Root of inner shouder hair usually joined to root of middle hair; the pecten with long teeth pigmented, oder regularly.

Subgroup Tessellatus (Rattanarithikul, Harrison, Harbach & Panthusiri, 2006)

58. Anopheles tessellatus Theobald, 1901

Mosquito: Costa always divided by pale sports into 4 or more dark marks involving both costa and vein 1. Upper proepistemal setae present. Palps with four or more pale bands; antepronotum with scales. Tibio-tarsal joint of hindleg without large white bands; proboscis with yellow scales on apical half. Underside of abdomen segments II-VII without dark scales; hind tarsi with narrow pale bands.

Pupa: Trumpet with the longest axis usually more or less vertical, no second split, rim simple entire. Trumpet not so broad and rounded. Paddle broader, seldom more than 1.5 times as long as wide; hair 5 on V-VIIn not much stronger than hair 1 which is not weak; Lobes of male genital pouch always ending in a knob. Paddle broader, seldom more than 1.5 times as long as wide; hair 5 on V-VIIn not much stronger than hair 1 which is not weak; Lobes of male genital pouch always ending in a knob. Paddle hair usually short and straight; lateral spines on V-VII seldom 1/2 as long as the segment. Lateral spines on VII less than 1/4 as long as the segment.

Lava: Bases of inner clypeal hairs wider apart and closer to the bases of the outer clypeals than to one onother; antennal shaft hair small or minute and nearly always simple. Out clypeal hairs simple or with a few short side branches, not brush-like. Abdominal tergal plates not very large, those on segments IV-VII not as wider as the distance between the bases of each pair of palmate hairs. None of the 3 long pleural hairs of the prothorax feathered, all simple. Thoracic pleural hairs completely simple. Root of inner and middle shouder hair without an apical prominent tooth. Inner shouder hair with 2-5 branches.

Group Ludlowae (Rattanarithikul, Harrison, Harbach & Panthusiri, 2006)

Complex Sundaicus (Sukowati, Baimai, Harun, Dasuki, Andris & Efriwati, 1999)

59. Anopheles epiroticus (Linton, Dusfour, Howard, Ruiz, Manh, Trung, Socbanta, Coosmans & Har bach, 2005)

Mosquito: Costa always divided by pale sports into 4 or more dark marks involving both costa and vein 1. Upper proepistemal setae present. Palps with three pale bands; antepronotum without scales. Fore tarsi with fairly broad pale bands; the bases of the tarsal segment with pale bands. Femora and tibiae spekled.

Pupa: Trumpet with the longest axis usually more or less vertical, no second split, rim simple entire. Trumpet not so broad and rounded. Paddle broader, seldom more than 1.5 times as long as wide; hair 5 on V-VIIn not much stronger than hair 1 which is not weak; Lobes of male genital pouch always ending in a knob. Paddle hair hooked at tip, long and often sinuate; lateral spines on V-VII more than as long as the segment. Hair 1 on II with less than 10 branches. Hair 9 on I long and simple about twice as long as the segment. Hair 6 on IV usually 2-4 branches about 2/3 or less as long as the segment. Sum of the branches on both abdoment hair 2, VII less than 6; paddle about 1.3-1.4 as long as wide.

Larva: Bases of inner clypeal hairs wider apart and closer to the bases of the outer clypeals than to one onother; antennal shaft hair small or minute and nearly always simple. Out clypeal hairs simple or with a few short side branches, not brush-like. Abdominal tergal plates not very large, those on segments IV-VII not as wider as the distance between the bases of each pair of palmate hairs. None of the 3 long pleural hairs of the prothorax feathered, all simple. Thoracic pleural hairs completely simple. Thoracic pleural hairs uncompleted simple. Out clypeal hairs 1/2 or more as long as inner, posterior nearly as long and placed far back and wide apart. Mesothoracic hair split into 3-4 branches from near base.

Complex Subpictus (Saguna, Rathinam, Rajavel & Dhanda, 1994)

60. Anopheles indeflnitus (Ludlow, 1904)

Mosquito: Costa always divided by pale sports into 4 or more dark marks involving both costa and vein 1. Upper proepistemal setae present. Palps with three pale bands; antepronotum without scales. Fore tarsi with fairly broad pale bands; the bases of the tarsal segment with pale bands. Femora and tibiae not spekled. Palps with preapical dark band usually a third or more as long as apical pale band; proboscis usually dark. Palps with preapical dark band usually less than half apical pale band, and approximate preapical pale band.

Pupa: Trumpet with the longest axis usually more or less vertical, no second split, rim simple entire. Trumpet not so broad and rounded. Paddle broader, seldom more than 1.5 times as long as wide; hair 5 on V-VIIn not much stronger than hair 1 which is not weak; Lobes of male genital pouch always ending in a knob. Paddle hair hooked at tip, long and often sinuate; lateral spines on V-VII more than as long as the segment. Hair 1 on II with less than 10 branches. Hair 9 on I long and simple about twice as long as the segment. Hair 6 on IV usually 2-4 branches about 2/3 or less as long as the segment. Sum of the branches on both abdoment hair 2,VII more than 6; paddle about 1.5-1.6 as long as wide.

Larva: Bases of inner clypeal hairs wider apart and closer to the bases of the outer clypeals than to one onother; antennal shaft hair small or minute and nearly always simple. Out clypeal hairs simple or with a few short side branches, not brush-like. Abdominal tergal plates not very large, those on segments IV-VII not as wider as the distance between the bases of each pair of palmate hairs. None of the 3 long pleural hairs of the prothorax feathered, all simple. Thoracic pleural hairs completely simple. Thoracic pleural hairs uncompleted simple. Out clypeal hairs 1/2 or more as long as inner, posterior nearly as long and placed far back and wide apart. Mesothoracic hair with 2 branches, if third branch present it arise about half way along one of other branches. Abdominal palmate hairs on I seldom with less than 8 leaflets; inner shouder hairs more than 12 branches.

61. Anopheles subpictus Grassi, 1899
(Include A, C, D genetic forms)

Mosquito: Costa always divided by pale sports into 4 or more dark marks involving both costa and vein 1. Upper proepistemal setae present. Palps with three pale bands; antepronotum without scales. Fore tarsi with fairly broad pale bands; the bases of the tarsal segment with pale bands. Femora and tibiae not spekled. Palps with preapical dark band usually a third or more as long as apical pale band; proboscis usually dark. Palps with preapical dark band usually more than half apical pale band, and three times as long as preapical pale band.

Pupa: Trumpet with the longest axis usually more or less vertical, no second split, rim simple entire. Trumpet not so broad and rounded. Paddle broader, seldom more than 1.5 times as long as wide; hair 5 on V-VIIn not much stronger than hair 1 which is not weak; Lobes of male genital pouch always ending in a knob. Paddle hair hooked at tip, long and often sinuate; lateral spines on V-VII more than as long as the segment. Hair 1 on II with less than 10 branches. Hair 9 on I long and simple about twice as long as the segment. Hair 6 on IV usually 2-4 branches about 2/3 or less as long as the segment. Sum of the branches on both abdoment hair 2, VII more than 6; paddle about 1.5-1.6 as long as wide.

Larva: Bases of inner clypeal hairs wider apart and closer to the bases of the outer clypeals than to one onother; antennal shaft hair small or minute and nearly always simple. Out clypeal hairs simple or with a few short side branches, not brush-like. Abdominal tergal plates not very large, those on segments IV-VII not as wider as the distance between the bases of each pah of palmate hairs. None of the 3 long pleural hairs of the prothorax feathered, all simple. Thoracic pleural hairs completely simple. Thoracic pleural hairs uncompleted simple. Out clypeal hairs 1/2 or more as long as inner, posterior nearly as long and placed far back and wide apart. Mesothoracic hair with 2 branches, if third branch present it arise about half way along one of other branches. Abdominal palmate hairs on I seldom with more than 6 branches; inner shouder hair less than 12 branches.

62. Anopheles vagus Doenitz, 1902
(Include A, B genetic forms)

Mosquito: Costa always divided by pale sports into 4 or more dark marks involving both costa and vein 1. Upper proepistemal setae present. Palps with three pale bands; antepronotum without scales. Fore tarsi with fairly broad pale bands; the bases of the tarsal segment with pale bands. Femora and tibiae not spekled. Palps with preapical dark band usually a quarter or less as long as apical pale band; proboscis with pale mark towards the end.

Pupa: Trumpet with the longest axis usually more or less vertical, no second split, rim simple entire. Trumpet not so broad and rounded. Paddle broader, seldom more than 1.5 times as long as wide; hair 5 on V-VII not much stronger than hair 1 which is not weak; Lobes of male genital pouch always ending in a knob. Paddle hair hooked at tip, long and often sinuate; lateral spines on V-VII more than as long as the segment. Hair 1 on II with less than 10 branches. Hair 9 on I long and simple about twice as long as the segment. Hair 6 on IV usually simple nearly as long as the segment.

Larva: Bases of inner clypeal hairs wider apart and closer to the bases of the outer clypeals than to one onother; antennal shaft hair small or minute and nearly always simple. Out clypeal hairs simple or with a few short side branches, not brush-like. Abdominal tergal plates not very large, those on segments IV-VII not as wider as the distance between the bases of each pair of palmate hairs. None of the 3 long pleural hairs of the prothorax feathered, all simple. Thoracic pleural hairs completely simple. Thoracic pleural hairs uncompleted simple. Out clypeal hairs short, about 1/3 as long as inner, posterior also short and placed far forward and close together.

FAMILY SARCOPHAGIDAE

INTRODUCTION

The Flesh flies (Sarcophagidae) are the Dipteran family which contains more than 2600 species in the world, and some of them are particularly dominant in tropical Asia. The members of this family causes human and domestic animal tissue myiasis and some of them parasitize the invertebrates as well as vertebrates including man.

The Flesh flies vary greatly in size from small to large. They usually are grayish in color, with three dark longitudinal stripes on the scutum and checkered or tessellated pattern on the abdominal tergites. The eyes are bare and dichoptic in both sexes. The front of males is narrower than that of females. The third antennal segment is typically long, and the arista is usually plumose on the basal half, but sometimes is bare or pubescent. The posthumeral bristles occur as 1 or 2 pairs with outer ones situated inside of the presutural bristle. Vein M₁₊₂ curves sharply forward and usually closes to R₄₊₅ at the anterior margin of the wing. Phallosome is very large. The females almost do not have an ovositor.

The Flesh flies are larviparous and usually breed in animal carcasses, animal dung and human feces, but some of them are parasites of animals such as insects, spiders or mammals.

Before 1970, very few reports were published on the Flesh flies in Vietnam and only 6 species in total were recorded in several works. In 1988, Ta Huy Thinh recorded 13 Sarcophagid flies from the Central Highland of Vietnam. Then, Kano, Thinh and Kurahashi (1999) recorded 32 Sarcophagid flies from Nothem part of Vietnam, in that the species of subfamily Miltogrammatinae were the new records. Kano and Kurahashi (2000) described two new species namely Sarcosolomonia hai and Pierettia thinhi based on the specimens collected in the North Vietnam. Ta Huy Thinh (2001, 2002, 2003) reported 47 flesh fly species in his works. Shinonaga and Thịnh (2003) descibed three new species based on the specimens collected in the South Vietnam, which are Lioproctia vietnamensis, Parasarcophaga owadai and Parasarcophaga dambriensis. Ta Huy Thinh (2007) reported 51 species of the Vietnam Sarcophagid flies in his book.

The present work records two subfamilies, five tribes, 25 genera and 51 species of the Sarcophagidae from Vietnam. The identified specimens are shared and preserved in the Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Hanoi (IEBR) and the National Science Museum, Tokyo (NSMT), Japan.

The author here has followed the taxonomic system puting forth by B. B. Rohdendorf (1967) and H. S. Lopes (1979) improving by T. Pape (1996); R. Kano, T. H. Thinh et H. Kurahashi (1999).

The author wish to express his deep gratude to Dr. Rokuro Kano, Dr. Hiromu Kurahashi and Dr. Satoshi Shinonaga for then kind help and valuable suggestions. Numerous illustrations in this book were taken from the papers of R. S. White, D. Aubertin, J. Smart, T. Fan, R. Kano, H. S. Lopes, W. Tumrasvin, H. Kurahashi and S. Shinonaga. The author wish to express his hearted thanks to them.

The composition of the Flesh fly fauna in Vietnam is listed below:
 

Subfamily Miltogrammatinae
Genus Senotainia Macquart, 1844
1. Senotainia albifrons (Rondani, 1859)
2. Senotainia navigatrix (Meijere, 1910)
Genus Miltogramma Meigen, 1803
3. Miltogramma iberica (Villeneuve, 1913)
4. Miltogramma angustifrons (Townsend, 1933)
Genus Metopia Meigen, 1803
5. Metopia nudibasis (Malloch, 1930)
6. Metopia sauteri (Townsend, 1932)
7. Metopia suifenheoensis Fan, 1965
8. Mtopia yunnanica Chao & Zhang, 1988
9. Metopia argyrocephala (Meigen, 1824)
Genus Taxigramma Peris, 1852
10. Taxigramma multipunctata (Rondani, 1859)
Genus Amobia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
11. Amobia quatei Kurahashi, 1974
12. Amobia pelopei (Rondani, 1859)
Subfamily Sarcophaginae
Genus Blaesoxipha Loew, 1861
13. Blaesoxipha rufipes (Macquart, 1839)
Genus Pandelleana Rohdendorf, 1937
14. Pandelleana struthiodes Xue, Feng & Liu, 1986
Genus Bercaea Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863
15. Bercaea haemorhoidalis (Fallen, 1816)
Genus Kalshovenella Baranov, 1941
16. Kalshovenella flavibasis Baranov, 1941
Genus Pierretia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863
17. Pierretia thinhi Kano & Kurahashi, 2000
18. Pierretia globovesica Ye, 1980
Genus Lioproctia Enderlein, 1928
19. Lioproctia beesoni (Senior-White, 1924)
20. Lioproctia pattoni (Senior-White, 1924)
21. Lioproctia vietnamensis (Shinonaga & Thinh, 2003)
Genus Sarcorohdendorfia Baranov, 1938
22. Sarcorohdendorfia antilope (Boettcher, 1913)
23. Sarcorohdendorfia inextricata (Walker, 1860)
Genus Phallosphaera Rohdendorf, 1938
24. Phallosphaera gravelyi (Senior-White, 1924)
25. Phallosphaera konakovi Rohdendorf, 1938
Genus Fengia Rohdendorf, 1964
26. Fengia ostindicae (Senior-White, 1924)
Genus Sinonipponia Rohdendorf, 1965
27. Sinonipponia hainanensis (Ho, 1936)
Genus Sarcosolomonia Baranov, 1938
28. Sarcosolomonia hai Kano & Kurahashi, 2000
Genus Seniorwhitea Rohdendorf, 1937
29. Seniorwhitea princeps (Wiedemann, 1830)
Genus Harpagophalla Rohdendorf, 1937
30. Harpagophalla kempi (Senior-White, 1924)
Genus Parasarcophaga Johnston et Tiegs, 1921
31. Parasarcophaga ruficomis (Fabricius, 1794)
32. Parasarcophaga orchidea (Boettcher, 1913)
33. Parasarcophaga albiceps (Meigen, 1826)
34. Parasarcophaga taenionota (Wiedemann, 1819)
35. Parasarcophaga javana (Macquart, 1851)
36. Parasarcophaga dambriensis (Shinonaga & Thinh, 2003)
37. Parasarcophaga scopariiformis (Senior-White, 1927)
38. Parasarcophaga iwuensis (Ho, 1934)
39. Parasarcophaga yunnanensis Fan, 1965
40. Parasarcophaga misera (Walker, 1849)
41. Parasarcophaga brevicomis (Ho, 1934)
42. Parasarcophaga owadai (Shinonaga & Thinh, 2003)
Genus Robineauella Enderlein, 1928
43. Robineauella anchoriformis (Fan, 1964)
Genus Rosellea Rohdendorf, 1937
44. Rosellea khasiensis (Senior-White, 1924)
45. Rosellea suthep (Pape & Banziger, 2003)
Genus Boettcherisca Rohdendorf, 1937
46. Boettcherisca peregrina (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830)
47. Boettcherisca nathani Lopes, 1961
48. Boettcherisca javanica Lopes, 1961
Genus Hosarcophaga Shinonaga & Tumrasvin, 1979
49. Hosarcophaga serrata (Ho, 1938)
Genus Phytosarcophaga Rohdendorf, 1937
50. Phytosarcophaga gressitti (Hall & Bohart, 1948)
Genus Pterosarcophaga Ye, 1981
51. Pterosarcophaga membranocorporis (Sugyiama, 1987)

IDENTIFICATION KEYS OF FLESH FLIES

Key to the subfamilies of the family Sarcophagidae

1a.	Sixth abdominal tergite of male normaly developed, single. Arista bare or pubescent. Legs usually long and slender. Body size small to medium, usually 4-7 mm, sometimes to 10 mm	2
b-	Sixth abdominal tergite of male partially or completelly reduced. Arista often plumose, rarely bare. Legs strong with claws moderatelly long. Body size large, usually 8-16 mm	3
2a.	Legs and claws of male long. Parafacia and gena large, facial ridge not protruded foward. Body whitish tomentose. Ovoposite of female developed, sometimes protruded	Macronychiinae (no record in Vietnam)
b-	Legs and claws of male sort; sometimes claws long, then head subquadrate. Body coloured by contrasty tomentum. Body length not over 6 mm	Miltogrammatinae
3a.	Sixth abdominal tergite of male partially reduced	4
b-	Sixth abdominal tergite of male completelly reduced so the postabdomen and fifth tergite directly conjointed, a row of mt on the joint plate absent	Sarcotachininae and Chrysogrammatinae (no record in Vietnam)
4a.	Sixth abdominal tergite of male reduced in a small chitinous plate with presentation of a row of mt	Sarcophaginae
b-	Sixth abdominal tergite of male reduced and mixed with syntergite 7+8 and forming a joint plate with a joint ridge and a row of mt	Agriinae (no record in Vietnam)

Subfamily Miltogrammatinae

Key to the tribes of subfamily Miltogrammatinae

1a.	Head hemi-spherical; eyes very large; numerous fine proclinate and 1-2 strong reclinate ors	Amobiini
b-	Head subquadrate to conical, not hemi-spherical	2
2a.	Head subquadrate; eyes usually normal in size; ors 0-4 proclinate and 1-2 reclinate.	Miltogrammatini
b-	Head conical; eyes very large; ors 2 proclinate and 3 reclinate	Metopiini

Tribe Miltogrammatini

Key to the genera of tribe Miltogrammatini

1.	Claws and pulvilli long in both sexes, sometimes normal in female. Abdominal tergites with three spots on dorsu	Senotainia
-	Claws and pulvilli normal in both sexes. Abdominal tergites with dark marginal band, ortesselate	Miltogramma

Genus Senotainia Macquart, 1844

Key to the species of genus Senotainia

1.	Cerci half as wide as long. Phallosome: Membranous part smaller than theca	Senotainia navigatrix
-	Cerci two third as wide as long. Phallosome: Membranous part greater than theca	Senotainia albifrons

Genus Miltogramma Meigen, 1803

Key to the species of genus Miltogramma

1.	Upper wing base, down of sa haired. The clear path in R5 exceed r-m	M. iberica
-	Upper wing base, down of sa not haired. The clear path in R5 reach to r-m	M. angustifrons

Tribe Metopini

Key to the genera of tribe Metopini

1.	M1+2 bent at 3/5 of it’s length; 2R5 open	Metopia
-	M1+2 bent at 2/5 of it’s length; 2R5 close	Taxigramma

Genus Metopia Meigen, 1803

Key to the species of genus Metopia

1a.	Anterior part of interffontalia narrowed towards antennal bases to a line, sometimes obliterated; anterior part of parafrontalia conspicuosly silvery shining, with smoth surface	2
b-	Interfrontalia broad, not constricted to a narrow line anteriorly, at least three times as wide as anterior anterior ocellus; parafrontalia not conspicuosly silvery, but covered with regular silver or yellowish-grey dusting	4
2a.	Syntergite 1+2 without mmt	3
b-	Syntergite 1+2 with strong erect mmt	M. argyrocephala
3a.	R1 with sparse hairs on distal part. 2R5 largely open	M. suifenhoensis
b-	R1 bare. 2R5 narrowly open	M. yunnanica
4a.	R1 hairy	M. nudibasis
b-	R1 bare	M. sauteri

Genus Taxigramma Peris, 1852

Genus Taxigramma with a single species Taxigramma multipunctata

Tribe Amobiini

Tribe Amobiini with a single genus Amobia

Genus- Amobia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830

Key to the species of genus Amobia

1a.	Presutural ac absent. Notopleura with numerous, coarse hairs. Basicosta usually brown	A. pelopei
b-	Presutural ac developed, but sometimes fine in male. Notopleura with a few hairs near the base of anterior n. Basicosta black	A. quatei

Subfamily Sarcophaginae

Key to the tribes of subfamily Sarcophaginae

1a.	Abdomen oval; male terminalia not developed; Cerci usually bent backward and spinose dorsally	Protodexiini
b-	Abdomen prolongate; male terminalia developed; Cerci straight or slightly curved and not spinose	Sarcophagini

Tribe Protodexiini

Tribe Protodexiini with a single genus Blaesoxipha

Genus Blaesoxipha Loew, 1861

Genus Blaesoxipha with a single single species Blaesoxipha rufipes

Tribe Sarcophagini

Key to the genera of tribe Sarcophagini

1a.	Head subquadrate. Postsutural dc usually 4, but sometimes not symetrical. Phallosome: membranous process single; median stylet large, curved	Pandelleana
-	Head not subquadrate. Postsutural dc 3, 4 or 5, but always symetrical. Phallosome not above	2
2a.	On scutum ac absent	Bercaea
-	On scutum ac present	3
3a.	Postsutural dc 3	4
-	Postsutural dc 4 to 5	5
4a.	dc 4+3; 3rd tergite of male with mmt developed; postgena hairs whitish	Kalshovenella
-	dc 5+3 or 4+3; 3rd tergite of male with mmt reduced or absent; postgena hairs yellowish	Pierretia
5a.	Postsutural dc 4	6
-	Postsutural dc 5	12
6a.	Paraphallus almost membranous	Pterosarcophaga
-	Paraphallus not so membranous	7
7a.	Phallosome very large. Paraphallus: styli large, covered with microscopic hair; apical plate of paraphallus without lateral branche	Lioproctia
-	Phallosome not very large. Paraphallus: styli small to large; apical plate of paraphallus with or without lateral branche	8
8a.	Propleuron hairy; 4th sternite of male usually with a patch of spine-like bristles posteriorly. Paraphallus: apical plate of paraphallus without lateral branche	Sarcorhodendorfia
-	Propleuron bare; 4th sternite of male without such bristles	9
9a.	5th sternite of male with protuberance in the middle part. Paraphallus: styli large; apical plate of paraphallus with lateral branche	Phallosphaera
-	5th sternite of male without any protuberance. Paraphallus: styli small.	10
10a.	Paraphallus: styli very long, two times as long as plate of paraphallus; apical plate of paraphallus with lateral branche	Fengia
-	Paraphallus: styli sort, as long as plate of paraphallus; apical plate of paraphallus with reduced lateral branche	11
11a.	Paraphallus: apical plate of paraphallus conjoint with lateral process and lateral branche, but conjoint ridge present	Sinonipponia
-	Paraphallus: lateral process and lateral branche reduced so that on apical plate of paraphallus the conjoint ridge absent	Sarcosolomonia
12a.	Propleuron bare	13
b-	Propleuron hairy	16
13a.	4th sternite of male with mat of hair	14
-	4th sternite of male without any mat of hair	15
14a.	Phallosome very large; theca long; apical plate of paraphallus rounded and membranous	Seniorwhitei
-	Phallosome) normal size; theca short; apical plate of paraphallus long, slender and slightly sclerotized	Harpagophala
15a.	Hind tibia usually fringed. Paraphallus: styli curved	Parasarcophaga
-	Hind tibia with several curved hairs in distal part. Paraphallus: styli short anf slender	Robineauella
16a.	5111 sternite of male with a prominent conical protuberance in the middle part	Roseilea
-	5th sternite of male without any protuberance in the middle part	17
17a.	Hind tibia without fringe	Boettcherisca
b-	Hind tibia with fringe	18
18a.	Phallosome: without membranous region between theca and paraphallus. Body size medium to large	Hosarcophaga
b-	Phallosome: with membranous region between theca and paraphallus. Body size small	Phytosarcophaga

Genus Pandelleana Rohdendorf, 1937

Genus Pandelleana with a single species Pandelleana struthiodes

Genus Bercaea Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863

Genus Bercaea with a single species Bercaea haemorhoidalis

Genus Kalshovenella Baranov, 1941

Genus Kalshovenella with a single species Kalshovenella flavibasis

Genus Pierretia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863

Key to the species of genus Pierretia

1a.	dc 5+3	P. thinhi
b-	dc 4+3	P. globovesica

Genus Lioproctia Enderlein, 1928

Key to the species of genus Lioproctia

1a.	Presutural ac developed. Length of 3rd antennal segment about 2.5 times that of 2nd one.	2
b-	Presutural ac absent. Length of 3rd antennal segment about 4 times that of 2nd one	L. vietnamensis
2a.	Propleuron bare. 3rd and 4th sternite of male with the same long hairs. Genital tergites dark brown. Cerci pointed, anterior ridge without any spin	L. beesoni
b-	Propleuron hairy. 3rd sternite with short hairs, but 4th sternite with long hairs. Genital tergites orange. Cerci curved apically, anterior ridge with several spines	L.pattoni

Genus Sarcorohdendorfla Baranov, 1938

Key to the species of genus Sarcorohdendorfia

1a.	Phallosome: apex of ventral process serrated	S. inextricata
b-	Phallosome: apex of ventral process not serrated	S. antilope

Genus Phallosphaera Rohdendorf, 1938

Key to the species of genus Phallosphaera

1a.	5th sternite of male with a conical protuberance in the middle part	P. gravelyi
b-	5th sternite of male with a quadrate protuberance in die middle part	P. konakovi

Genus Fengia Rohdendorf, 1964

Genus Fengia with a single species Fengia ostindicae

Genus Sinonipponia Rohdendorf, 1965

Genus Sinonipponia with a single species Sinonipponia hainanensis

Genus Sarcosolomonia Baranov, 1938

Genus Sarcosolomonia with a single species Sarcosolomonia hai

Genus Seniorwhitea Rohdendorf, 1937

Genus Seniorwhitea with a single species Seniorwhitea princeps

Genus Harpagophalla Rohdendorf, 1937

Genus Harpagophalla with a single species Harpagophalla kempi

Genus Parasarcophaga Johnston et Tiegs, 1921

Key to the species of genus Parasarcophaga

1a.	Antennae, Panpi and genital tergites of male orange, shining	P. ruficornis
b-	Genital tergites of male brown, dark brown to black	2
2a.	Phallosome: Membranous process cup-like	3
b-	Phallosome: Membranous process not cup-like	5
3a.	Panpi orange.	P. orchidea
b-	Panpi dark brown.	4
4a.	ac (0-l)+l; one regular and two irregular rows of postocular setae present. Hindfemur fringed; hind tibia with 1 av	P. albiceps
b-	ac 1+1; one regular row of postocular setae present, chỉ có 1 hàng lông sau mắt kép. Hindfemur not fringed; hind tibia without any av	P. taenionota
5a.	1st and 2nd sternite covered by long hairs	P. javana
b-	1st and 2nd sternite covered by short hairs	6
6a.	Hind tibia without fringe	7
b-	Hind tibia fringed	10
7a.	Phallosome: apical plate of paraphallus large, arched	P. dambriensis
b-	Phallosome: apical plate of paraphallus small or prolonged	8
8a.	Phallosome: apical plate of paraphallus small with lateral process befurcated	P. scopariiformis
b-	Phallosome: apical plate of paraphallus slender and prolonged	9
9a.	Phallosome: Membranous process obtuse apically. Mid tibia with 2 ad	P. iwuensis
b-	Phallosome: Membranous process befurcated apically. Mid tibia with 1 ad	P. yunnanensis
10a.	One regular row of postocular setae present	P. misera
-	Two regular rows of postocular setae present	11
11a.	Phallosome: apical plate of paraphallus befurcated apically	P. brevicornis
b-	Phallosome: apical plate of paraphallus pointed apically	P. owadai

Genus Robineauella Enderlein, 1928

Genus Robineauella with a single species Robineauella anchoriformis

Genus Rosellea Rohdendorf, 1937

Key to the species of genus Rosellea

1a.	Phallosome: Ventral process pestle-like	R. khasiensis
b-	Phallosome: Ventral process trumpet-like	R. suthep

Genus Boettcherisca Rohdendorf, 1937

Key to the species of genus Boettcherisca

1a.	Black genal hair not extending beyond anterior half, usually to 2/5; spines on the apical part of cerci not extending to the dorsal side	B. peregrina
b-	Black genal hair extending beyond anterior half, usually to 3/5; spines on the apical part of cerci extending to the dorsal side	2
2a.	Phallosome: Ventral process reduced to small rounded shape	B. javanica
b-	Phallosome: Ventral process largely produced	B. nathani

Genus Hosarcophaga Shinonaga & Tumrasvin, 1979

Genus Hosarcophaga with a single species Hosarcophaga serrata

Genus Phytosarcophaga Rohdendorf, 1937

Genus Phytosarcophaga with a single species Phytosarcophaga gressitti

Genus Pterosarcophaga Ye, 1981

Genus Pterosarcophaga with a single species Pterosarcophaga membranocorporis

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Động vật chí và Thực vật chí là những tài liệu cơ bản về khu hệ động vật, thực vật, nguồn lợi sinh vật của mỗi nước, được coi như tài liệu chính thống, để sử dụng vào nghiên cứu, giảng dạy, khai thác và bảo vệ nguồn lợi sinh vật, tính đa dạng sinh học của nước đó. Đây cũng là kết quả của cả quá trình hoạt động điều tra khảo sát, nghiên cứu về khu hệ động vật, thực vật, được tổng hợp, thẩm định và công bố.

Nhằm đáp ứng yêu cầu phát triển kinh tế-xã hội, khoa học công nghệ nước ta trong giai đoạn mới, Trung tâm Khoa học tự nhiên và Công nghệ Quốc gia (nay là Viện Hàn lâm Khoa học và Công nghệ Việt Nam) đã giao cho Viện Sinh thải và Tài nguyên sinh vật chủ trì, tập hợp một lực lượng đông đảo cán bộ khoa học trong cả nước, soạn thảo và công bố lần lượt từ năm 1996 tới năm 2007 được 25 tập Động vật chí và 11 tập Thực vật chí Việt Nam do Nhà xuất bản Khoa học và Kỹ thuật phát hành.

Cụm công trình Động vật chí và Thực vật chí Việt Nam cùng với Sách Đỏ và Danh lục Đỏ Việt Nam trong các giai đoạn này đã vinh dự được nhận Giải thưởng Hồ Chí Minh về khoa học và công nghệ năm 2012 và Trung tâm Sách kỷ lục Việt Nam cấp giấy xác lập kỷ lục là bộ sách nhiều tập nhất.

Các tài liệu đã xuất bản, tuy chất lượng về nội dung và hình thức còn tiếp tục phải hoàn thiện, song đã đáp ứng được một phần yêu cầu bức thiết của hoạt động nghiên cứu, sản xuất, bảo vệ tài nguyền, đa dạng sinh vật và môi trường ở nước ta hiện nay.

Việc biên soạn và xuất bản tiếp tục các tập Động vật chí, Thực vật chí Việt Nam đã được Nhà nước giao cho Viện Hàn lâm Khoa học và Công nghệ Việt Nam, và Viện Sinh thái và Tài nguyên sinh vật vẫn với trách nhiệm là cơ quan chủ trì, dưới hình thức một đề tài độc lập cấp Nhà nước trong giai đoạn 2008-2010 mang mã số ĐTĐL-2008G/3.

Ấn phẩm này được xuất bản là nhờ hoạt động của đề tài Nhà nước nói trên, song nó là kết quả của sự tích luỹ tư liệu hàng chục năm và kế thừa các kết quả, kinh nghiệm biên soạn, biên tập của giai đoạn 1996-2005. Trong tập sách này, chúng tôi đã trích dẫn nhiều tài liệu khoa học có liên quan do các tác giả, đồng nghiệp đã công bố. Ban chủ nhiệm đề tài và tác giả tập sách này xin chân thành cảm ơn các nhà khoa học và các tác giả trong và ngoài nước đã giúp đỡ và thông cảm. Hy vọng rằng các tập sách về Động vật chí, Thực vật chí Việt Nam được xuất bản sẽ đáp ứng được mong mỏi của giới khoa học và của toàn xã hội.

BAN CHỦ NHIỆM ĐỀ TÀI