FLORA OF VIETNAM 13 ARECACEAE Schultz-Sch. 1832

(5 subfamily, 8 tribes, 15 subtribes, 38 genera, 125 species and 1 variety)

INTRODUCTION

The family Arecaceae Schultz-Sch. comprises 236 genera, 3500 species which are distributed in tropical and subtropical America, Africa, Asia and Australia. There are 38 genera, 125 species and 1 variety in Vietnam. The family Arecaceae is economically very importent and most of the species are useful to the mankind.

The taxonomy of Arecaceae is known by the publications of various authors such as: C. Linneaus (1753), A. J. Jussieu (1789); F. P. Martius (1831-1850); C. S. Kunth (1841); J. H. K. Thwaites (1864); O. Beccari (1877-1890), etc. Publications by various authors grouped Arecaceae genera in to different tribes such as G. Bentham & J. D. Hooker (1862-1867), H. N. Ridley (1907), O. Beccari (1908-1931), E. S. J. Blatter (1926), J. Hutchinson (1959); and in to subfamilies such as: M. Magalon (1930),  E. Potzal (1964), A. Takhtajan (1987, 1996), N. W. Uhl & J. Dransfield (1987), T. C. Whitmore (1993), etc.

In Indochina and Vietnam, various authors researched Arecaceae such as: J. Loureiro (1790), O. Beccari (1911), M. Magalon (1930), F. Gagnepain & Conrard (1937). Some of the prominent Vietnamese authors who worked on Arecaceae are Le Kha Ke (1975), Pham Hoang Ho (1972, 1993, 2000), Nguyen Nghia Thin (1993, 1994), etc. Recently, a few new species have also been described from Vietnam by Nguyen Tien Hiep &  R. Kiew (2000), Evans & Tran Phuong Anh (2001), M. Gibbons et al. (2003),  L. Averyanov et al. (2006), A. Henderson et al. (2008), etc. Besides, some publication also appeared on various uses of Arecaceae taxa in Vietnam (Vo Van Chi (1991, 1994, 1997), Do Huy Bich et al. (2004), Tran Phuong Anh (2007), etc.

Some of the significant works carried out by the neighboring countries of Vietnam are the work published by O. Beccari & J. D. Hooker (India) (1894), H. N. Ridley (Malaysia) (1907), R. J. Johns & J. M. Hay (New Guinea) (1984), T. C. Whitmore (Malesian) (1970), S. J. Pei, J. D. Chen & S. Q. Tong (China) (1991), etc.

Flora of Vietnam – Volume 13 – Arecaceae Schultz-Sch. deals with the taxonomy of Arecaceae in Vietnam. The information provided here have been collected during tens of years of research, investigation, and specimen collection from all the regions in Vietnam, specially in the region having suitable habitat. Further, specimens housed in the following herbaria were also studied: Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Hanoi, Vietnam; Hanoi University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam; Forest Inventory and Planning Institute, Hanoi, Vietnam; Institute of Tropical Biology, Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam; Kunming Botanical Institute, Academia Sinica, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Institute of Guangxi Botany, Guangxi, China; Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri, USA.

This book comprises 416 pages, including: introduction on the morphology of Arecaceae in Vietnam, research publications, systems of classification used for Vietnamese Arecaceae species, keys to genera and species, updated names of species (Latin and Vietnamese), references, description, synonyms, habitat, distribution, uses and notes if any); 117 drawings, 97 pictures, index of Latin and Vietnamese names, and references. There are also some documents, drawings, pictures of the other authors which have been cited with proper acknowledgement in this book.

I. CHECKLIST OF THE TAXA IN FAMILY ARECACEAE IN VIETNAM

Subfam.1. CORYPHOIDEAE Griff. (3 trib., 4 subtrib., 11 gen., 50 sp.)

Trib. 1. CORYPHEAE (3 subtrib., 9 gen., 44 sp.)

Subtrib. 1. THRINACINAE Becc. (4 gen., 11 sp.)

35. THRINAX O. Sw. (1 sp.)

35.1. Thrinax parviflora O. Sw.

1. GUIHAIA J. Dransf., S. K. Lee & F. N. Wei (2 sp.)

1.1. Guihaia argyrata (S. K. Lee & F. N. Wei) S. K. Lee, F. N. Wei & J. Dransf. (fig. 12, photo 7)

1.2. Guihaia grossefibrosa (Gagnep.) J. Dransf., Lee & Wei (fig. 13, photo 8)

2. TRACHYCARPUS H. Wendl. (2 species)

2.1. Trachycarpus fortunei (Hook.) H. Wendl. (fig. 14, photo 9)

2.2. Trachycarpus geminisectus Spanner, Gibbons, V. D. Nguyen & T. P. Anh (fig. 15, photo 10)

3. RHAPIS L. f. ex Ait. (6 sp.)

3.1. Rhapis micrantha Becc. (fig. 16)

3.2. Rhapis excelsa (Thunb.) Henry ex Rehd. (fig. 17, photo 11)

3.3. Rhapis laosensis Becc. (fig. 18, photo 12)

3.4. Rhapis vidalii Aver., T. H. Nguyen & P. K. Loc (fig. 19, photo 13)

3.5. Rhapis puhuongensis M. S. Trudgen, T. P. Anh & A. J. Hend. (fig. 20, photo 14)

3.6. Rhapis humilis Blume (fig. 21, photo 15)

Subtrib. 2. LIVISTONINAE Saakov (3 gen., 30 sp.)

4. LIVISTONA R. Br. (5 sp.)

4.1. Livistona halongensis T. H. Nguyen & Kiew (fig. 22, photo 16)

4.2. Livistona saribus (Lour.) Merr. ex A. Chev. (fig. 23, photo 17)

4.3. Livistona rotundifolia (Lam.) Mart. (photo 18)

4.4. Livistona chinensis (Jacq.) R. Br. (fig. 24, photo 19)

4.5. Livistona jenkinsiana Griff. (fig. 25, photo 20)

5. LICUALA Thunb. (24 sp.)

5.1. Licuala radula Gagnep. (fig. 26)

5.2. Licuala cattienensis A. J. Hend., N. K. Ban & N. Q. Dung (fig. 27, photo 21)

5.3. Licuala spinosa Thunb. (fig. 28, photo 23)

5.4. Licuala robinsoniana Becc. (fig. 29, photo 24)

5.5. Licuala glaberrima Gagnep. (fig. 30)

5.6. Licuala atroviridis A. J. Hend., N. K. Ban & N. Q. Dung (fig. 31, photo 22)

5.7. Licuala longifolia A. J. Hend., N. K. Ban & N. Q. Dung (fig. 32)

5.8. Licuala acaulis A. J. Hend., N. K. Ban & N. Q. Dung (fig. 33)

5.9. Licuala magalonii A. J. Hend., N. K. Ban & N. Q. Dung (fig. 34, photo 25)

5.10. Licuala ellipsoidalis A. J. Hend., N. K. Ban & N. Q. Dung

5.11. Licuala bidoupensis A. J. Hend., N. K. Ban & N. Q. Dung (fig. 35)

5.12. Licuala averyanovii A. J. Hend., N. K. Ban & N. Q. Dung

5.13. Licuala centralis A. J. Hend., N. K. Ban & N. Q. Dung (fig. 36, photo 26)

5.14. Licuala bachmaensis A. J. Hend., N. K. Ban & N. Q. Dung (fig. 37, photo 28)

5.15. Licuala tonkinensis Becc. (fig. 38, photo 27)

5.16. Licuala grandis H. Wendl. (fig. 39, photo 29)

5.17. Licuala hexasepala Gagnep. (fig. 40, photo 30)

5.18. Licuala calciphila Becc. (fig. 41)

5.19. Licuala manglaensis A. J. Hend., N. K. Ban & N. Q. Dung

5.20. Licuala paludosa Griff. ex Mart. (fig. 42)

5.21. Licuala dasyantha Burret (photo 31)

5.22. Licuala taynguyenensis Baford & Borch.

5.23. Licuala bracteata Gagnep. (fig. 43, photo 32)

5.24. Licuala fatua Becc. (fig.44, photo 33)

36. WASHINGTONIA H. Wendl. (1 sp.)

36.1. Washingtonia filifera (Linden ex André) H. Wendl.

Subtrib. 3. CORYPHINAE (2 gen., 3 sp.)

6. CORYPHA L. (2 sp.)

6.1. Corypha utan Lamk. (fig. 45, photo 34)

6.2. Corypha lecomtei Becc. ex Lecomte (fig. 46)

7. CHUNIOPHOENIX Burret (1 sp.)

7.1. Chuniophoenix nana Burret (fig. 47, photo 35)

Trib. 2. PHOENICEAE Drude (1 gen., 5 sp.)

8. PHOENIX L. (5 sp.)

8.1. Phoenix dactylifera L. (photo 36)

8.2. Phoenix loureiri Kunth. (fig. 48, photo 37)

8.3. Phoenix paludosa Roxb. (fig. 49, photo 38)

8.4. Phoenix reclinata Jacq. (fig. 50, photo 39)

8.5. Phoenix roebelenii O’Brien (fig. 51, photo 40)

Trib. 3. BORASSEAE Mart. (1 subtrib., 1 gen., 1 sp.)

Subtrib. 4. LATANIINAE Meisn. (1 gen., 1 sp.)

9. BORASSUS L. (1 sp.)

9.1. Borassus flabellifer L. (fig. 52, photo 41)

Subfam. 2. CALAMOIDEAE Griff. (1 trib., 3 subtrib., 8 gen., 38 sp., 1 var.)

Trib. 4. CALAMEAE (3 subtrib., 8 gen., 38 sp., 1 var.)

Subtrib. 5. METROXYLINAE Blume (2 gen., 2 sp.)

10. METROXYLON Rottb. (1 sp.)

10.1. Metroxylon sagu Rottb. (fig. 53)

11. KORTHALSIA Blume (1 sp.)

11.1. Korthalsia laciniosa (Griff.) Mart. (fig. 54, photo 42)

Subtrib. 6. CALAMINAE (3 gen., 32 sp., 1 var.)

12. SALACCA Reinw. (1 sp.)

12.1. Salacca edulis Reinw. (fig. 55, photo 43)

13. DAEMONOROPS Blume (5 sp.)

13.1. Daemonorops nuichuaensis (A. J. Hend., N. K. Ban & N. Q. Dung) A. J. Hend. (fig. 56, photo 44)

13.2. Daemonorops jenkinsiana (Griff.) Mart. (fig. 57, photo 45)

13.3. Daemonorops fissilis (A. J. Hend., N. K. Ban & N. Q. Dung) A. J. Hend. (fig. 58, photo 48)

13.4. Daemonorops mollispina J. Dransf. (fig. 59, photo 46)

13.5. Daemonorops poilanei J. Dransf. (fig. 60, photo 47)

14. CALAMUS L. (26 sp., 1 var.)

14.1. Calamus acaulis A. J. Hend., N. K. Ban & N. Q. Dung (photo 50)

14.2. Calamus salicifolius Becc. (fig. 61)

14.3. Calamus thysanolepis Hance

14.4. Calamus modestus T. Evans & T. P. Anh (fig. 62, photo 49)

14.5. Calamus dongnaiensis Pierre ex Becc. (fig. 63)

14.6. Calamus platyacanthoides Merr. (fig. 64, photo 51)

14.7. Calamus nambariensis Becc. (fig. 65, photo 52)

14.8. Calamus palustris Griff. var. cochinchinensis Becc. (fig. 66, photo 53)

14.9. Calamus ceratophorus Conrard (fig. 67)

14.10. Calamus lateralis A. J. Hend., N. K. Ban & N. Q. Dung (fig. 68, photo 54)

14.11. Calamus centralis A. J. Hend., N. K. Ban & N. Q. Dung (fig. 69, photo 55)

14.12. Calamus spiralis A. J. Hend., N. K. Ban & N. Q. Dung (fig. 70)

14.13. Calamus tenuis Roxb. (fig. 71)

14.14. Calamus henryanus Becc. (fig. 72, photo 56)

14.15. Calamus flagellum Griff. (fig. 73, photo 57)

14.16. Calamus rudentum Lour. (fig. 74)

14.17. Calamus rhabdocladus Burret (fig. 75, photo 58)

14.18. Calamus bousigonii Becc. (fig. 76, photo 59)

14.19. Calamus acanthospathus Griff. (fig. 77)

14.20. Calamus bachmaensis A. J. Hend., N. K. Ban & N. Q. Dung

14.21. Calamus poilanei Conrard (fig. 78)

14.22. Calamus walkeri Hance (fig. 79, photo 60)

14.23. Calamus crispus A. J. Hend., N. K. Ban & N. Q. Dung (fig. 80)

14.24. Calamus viminalis Willd. (fig. 81, photo 61)

14.25. Calamus kontumensis A. J. Hend., N. K. Ban & N. Q. Dung

14.26. Calamus tetradactylus Hance (fig. 82, photo 62)

14.27. Calamus dioicus Lour. (fig. 83, photo 63)

Subtrib. 7. PLECTOCOMIINAE J. Dransf. & N. W. Uhl ( 3 gen., 4 sp.)

15. MYRIALEPIS Becc. (1 sp.)

15.1. Myrialepis paradoxa (Kurz) J. Dransf. (fig. 84, photo 64)

16. PLECTOCOMIOPSIS Becc. (1 sp.)

16.1. Plectocomiopsis geminiflora (Griff.) Becc. (fig. 85, photo 65)

17. PLECTOCOMIA Mart. ex Blume (2 sp.)

17.1. Plectocomia elongata Mart. ex Blume (fig. 86, photo 66)

17.2. Plectocomia pierreana Becc. (fig. 87, photo 67)

Subfam. 3. NYPOIDEAE Griff. (1 gen., 1 sp.)

18. NYPA Steck (1 sp.)

18.1. Nypa fruticans Wurmb. (fig. 88, photo 68)

Subfam. 4. CEROXYLOIDEAE Drude (1 trib., 2 gen., 3 sp.)

Trib. 5. HYOPHORBEAE Drude (2 gen., 3 sp.)

19. HYOPHORBE Gaertn. (1 sp.)

19.1. Hyophorbe lagenicaulis (Bail.) Moore (photo 69)

20. CHAMAEDOREA Willd. (cons. nom.) (2 sp.)

20.1. Chamaedorea elegans Mart. (fig. 89, photo 70)

20.2. Chamaedorea seifrizii Burret (fig. 90, photo 71)

Subfam. 5. ARECOIDEAE (3 trib., 8 subtrib., 16 gen., 33 sp.)

Trib. 6. CARYOTEAE Drude (3 gen., 8 sp.)

21. CARYOTA L. (5 sp.)

21.1. Caryota monostachya Becc. (fig. 91, photo 72)

21.2. Caryota mitis Lour. (fig.92, photo 73)

21.3. Caryota sympelata Gagnep. (fig. 93, photo 74)

21.4. Caryota maxima Blume ex Mart. (fig. 94, photo 75)

21.5. Caryota obtusa Blume ex Mart. (fig. 95, photo 76)

22. ARENGA Labill. (2 sp.)

22.1. Arenga caudata (Lour.) H. Moore (fig. 96, photo77)

22.2. Arenga westerhoutii Griff. (fig. 97, photo 78)

23. WALLICHIA Roxb. (1 sp.)

23.1. Wallichia gracilis Becc. (fig. 98, photo 79)

Trib. 7. COCOCEAE Mart. (2 subtrib., 3 gen., 3 sp.)

Subtrib. 8. BUTINAE Saakov (2 gen., 2 sp.)

24. COCOS L. (1 sp.)

24.1. Cocos nucifera L. (fig. 99, photo 80)

37. SYAGRUS Mart. (1 sp.)

37. 1. Syagrus flexuosa (Mart.) Becc.

Subtrib. 9. ELAEIDINAE Hook. f. (1 gen., 1 sp.)

25. ELAEIS Jacq. (1 sp.)

25.1. Elaeis guineensis Jacq. (fig. 100, photo 81)

Trib. 8. ARECEAE (6 subtrib., 10 gen., 22 sp.)

Subtrib. 10. DYPSIDINAE Becc. (1 gen., 2 sp.)

26. DYPSIS Noronha ex Mart. (2 sp.)

26.1. Dypsis pinnatifrons Mart. (fig. 101, photo 82)

26.2. Dypsis lutescens (H. Wendl.) J. Dransf. (fig. 102, photo 83)

Subtrib. 11. ROYSTONEINAE J. Dransf. & N. W. Uhl (1 gen., 1 sp.)

27. ROYSTONEA Cook (1 sp.)

27.1. Roystonea regia (Kunth) Cook (fig. 103, photo 84)

Subtrib. 12. PTYCHOSPERMATINAE Hook. f. (2 gen., 2 sp.)

28. VEITCHIA H. Wendl. (1 sp.)

28.1. Veitchia merrillii (Becc.) H. Moore (fig. 104, photo 85)

29. PTYCHOSPERMA Labill. (1 sp.)

29.1. Ptychosperma macarthuri H. Wendl. (fig. 105, photo 86)

Subtrib. 13. CYRTOSTACHYDINAE J. Dransf. & N. W. Uhl (1 gen., 1 sp.)

30. CYRTOSTACHYS Blume (1 sp.)

30.1. Cyrtostachys renda Blume (photo 87)

Subtrib. 14. ARECINAE (3 gen., 14 sp.)

31. PINANGA Blume (10 sp.)

31.1. Pinanga kontumensis A. J. Hend., N. K. Ban & N. Q. Dung (fig. 106)

31.2. Pinanga baviensis Becc. (photo 88)

31.3. Pinanga cupularis A. J. Hend., N. K. Ban & N. Q. Dung (fig. 107, photo 89)

31.4. Pinanga cattienensis A. J. Hend., N. K. Ban & N. Q. Dung (fig. 108, photo 90)

31.5. Pinanga humilis A. J. Hend., N. K. Ban & N. Q. Dung (fig. 109, photo 91)

31.6. Pinanga quadrijuga Gagnep. (fig. 110)

31.7. Pinanga declinata A. J. Hend., N. K. Ban & N. Q. Dung (fig. 111, photo 92)

31.8. Pinanga annamensis Magalon

31.9. Pinanga sylvestris (Lour.) Hodel (fig. 112, photo 93)

31.10. Pinanga cochinchinensis Blume

32. NENGA H. Wendl. & Drude (1 sp.)

32.1. Nenga banaensis (Magalon) Burret (fig. 113, photo 94)

33. ARECA L. (3 sp.)

33.1. Areca catechu L. (fig. 114, photo 95)

33.2. Areca laosensis Becc. (fig. 115)

33.3. Areca triandra Roxb. ex Buch.-Ham. (fig. 116, photo 96)

Subtrib. 15. ONCOSPERMATINAE Hook. f. (2 gen., 2 sp.)

34. ONCOSPERMA Blume (1 sp.)

34.1. Oncosperma tigillaria (Jack.) Ridl. (fig. 117, photo 97)

38. NEPHROSPERMA Balf. f. (1 sp.)

38.1. Nephrosperma vanhoutteana (H. Wendl.) Balf. f.

II. KEY TO THE GENERA OF ARECACEAE IN VIETNAM

1A.	Hermaphrodotic or unixesual, carpels free or variously connate (if unixesual and carpels connate, flower born in many flowers group).
2A.	Ovary and fruit not covered in imbricate scales. (Subfam. 1. CORYPHOIDEAE).
3A.	Bracts free. (Trib. 1. Corypheae).
4A.	Leaves palmate.
5A.	Carples free. (Subtrib. 1. Thrinacinae).
6A.	Leaves reduplicate	1. GUIHAIA
6B.	Leaves induplicate.
7A.	Petals free, filaments free	2. TRACHYCARPUS
7B.	Corolla tubular, filaments adnate along entire length of the corolla tube	3. RHAPIS
5B.	Carpels variously connate.
8A.	Carples free basally, connate by their styles. (Subtrib. 2. Livistoninae).
9A.	Inflorescences branch in 5 oders, tip of segment acuminate.	4. LIVISTONA
9B.	Inflorescences branch in 0-3 oders, tip of segment truncate.	5. LICUALA
8B.	Carpels connate basally, styles free. (Subtrib. 3. Coryphinae).
10A.	Inflorescence branch in 4 oders; fruit with basal stigmatic remain.	6. CORYPHA
10B.	Inflorescence branch in 0-1 oders; fruit with apical stigmatic remain.	7. CHUNIOPHOENIX
4B.	Leaves pinnate (Trib. 2. Phoeniceae).	8. PHOENIX
3B.	Bracts connate to form large pits. (Trib. 3. Borasseae, Subtrib. 4. Lataniinae).	9. BORASSUS
2B.	Ovary and fruit covered in imbricate scales. (Subfam. 2. CALAMOIDEAE, Trib. 4. Calameae).
11A.	Hermaphroditic or dyads of hermaphroditic and staminate flower. (Subtrib. 5. Metroxylinae).
12A.	Flowers in dyads of hermaphroditic and staminate flower.	10. METROXYLON
12B.	Hermaphroditic.	11. KORTHALSIA
11B.	Unixesual flowers.
13A.	Flowers borned in dyads of pistilate flower and sterile staminate flower. (Subtrib. 6. Calaminae).
14A.	Fruit covered irregular vertical rows.	12. SALACCA
14B.	Fruit covered regular vertical rows.
15A.	Sheath without flagellum, inflorescence not flagelliform.	13. DAEMONOROPS
15B.	Sheath sometimes whith flagellum, inflorescence often flagelliform.	14. CALAMUS
13B.	Pistillate flower solitary or in group of 2-7 pistillate flowers. (Subtrib. 7. Plectocomiinae).
16A.	Pistillate flower in group of 2-7 flowers.
​17A.	Staminate flower borned in group of 8 flowers, sheath armed whith neat whorls of spines.	15. MYRIALEPIS
17B.	Staminate flower borned in group of 32 flowers, sheath armed whith scattered spines.	16. PLECTOCOMIOPSIS
16B.	Pistillate flower solitary.	17. PLECTOCOMIA
1B.	Monoecious, rarely dioecious, carpels connate (if dioecious, flowers solitary).
18A.	Inflorescence terminated by pistillate head, filaments united in column. (Subfam. 3. NYPOIDEAE).	18. NYPA
18B.	Inflorescence not terminated by pistillate head, filaments not united in column.
19A.	Flowers solitary. (Subfam. 4. CEROXYLOIDEAE, Trib. 5. Hyophorbeae).
20A.	Monoecious.	19. HYOPHORBE
20B.	Dioecious.	20. CHAMAEDOREA
19B.	Flowers borned in triads (2 staminate flowers, 1 pistillate flower), or dyads of stamintate flowers. (Subfam. 5. ARECOIDEAE).
21A.	Leaves induplicate. (Trib. 6. Caryoteae).
22A.	Leaves bipinnate; endosperm ruminate.	21. CARYOTA
22B.	Leaves pinnate; endosperm homogeneous.
23A.	Sepals of staminate flowers free.	22. ARENGA
23B.	Calyx of staminate flowers tube.	23. WALLICHIA
21B.	Leaves reduplicate.
24A.	Gynoecium trilocular, triovulate; endocarp with basal pores (Trib. 7. Cococeae).
25A.	Rachilla without deep pits; inflorescences on the sheath or infrafolia. (Subtrib. 8. Buttinae).	24. COCOS
25B.	Rachilla had deep pits; inflorescences interfolia. (Subtrib. 9. Elaeidinae).	25. ELAEIS
24B.	Gynoecium unilocular (rarely trilocular); uniovulate; endocarp without pores (Trib. 8. Areceae).
26A.	Fruit with basal or lateral stigmatic remain.
27A.	Petals of pistillate flower free, inflorescences interfolia. (Subtrib. 10. Dypsidinae).	26. DYPSIS
27B.	Corolla tubular, inflorescences interfolia (Subtrib. 11. Roystoneinae).	27. ROYSTONEA
26B.	Fruit with apical stigmatic remain.
28A.	Sepals of staminate flower free.
29A.	Rachilla without pits. (Subtrib. 12. Ptychospermatinae).
30A.	Stem solitary, filaments united at base.	28. VEITCHIA
30B.	Stem clustered, filaments arrange in whorls.	29. PTYCHOSPERMA
29B.	Rachilla had pits (Subtrib. 13. Cyrtostachydinae).	30. CYRTOSTACHYS
28B.	Calyx tubular.
31A.	Stem without spines (Subtrib. 14. Arecinae).
32A.	Rachilla only triads along their length.	31. PINANGA
32B.	Rachilla had triads, dyads or solitary of staminate flowers.
33A.	Inflorescence branch in 1 oders, staminode 0 or very small.	32. NENGA
33B.	Inflorescence branch in 3 oders, staminodes 3-9.	33. ARECA
31B.	Stem armed with spine. (Subtrib. 15. Oncospermatinae).	34. ONCOSPERMA

* KEY TO THE GENERA OF ARECACEAE  WHICH  ARE UNDER CULTIVATION IN VIETNAM

1A.	Flowers not born in triad (2 staminate flowers, 1 pistillate flower), leaves palmate.
2A.	Gynoecium unilocular.	35. THRINAX
2B.	Gynoecium trilocular.	36. WASHINGTONIA
1B.	Flowers borned in triad (2 staminate flowers, 1 pistillate flower), leaves pinnate.
3A.	Gynoecium trilocular, triovulate; endocarp with basal pores.	37. SYAGRUS
3B.	Gynoecium unilocular (rarely trilocular); uniovulate; endocarp without pores.	38. NEPHROSPERMA

III. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ARECACEAE IN VIETNAM

3.1. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF GUIHAIA IN VIETNAM

1A.	Fruit nearly globose or large elliptic; lamina abaxially covered eith dense silver wooly hair lamina abaxially covered with dense silver wooly hair.	1. G. argyrata
1B.	Fruit elliptic; lamina abaxially glabrous except for scattered scales.	2. G. grossefibrosa

3.2. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF TRACHYCARPUS IN VIETNAM

1A.	Tree 3-10 m high, 15-20 cm in diameter. Calyx of staminate flowers free.	1. T. fortunei
1B.	Tree 1-2 m high, 25 cm in diameter. Calyx of staminate connate basally.	2. T. geminisectus

3.3. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF RHAPIS IN VIETNAM

1A.	Leaflet oblong, bigger than 2 cm width.
2A.	Prophyll tubular, sheathing.
3A.	Leaf blade split near to base, male flower shorter than 4 mm.	1. R. micrantha
3B.	Leaf blade split to 1-4 cm from base, male flower longer than 4 mm	2. R. excelsa
2B.	Prophyll boat-shape, opened.	3. R. laosensis
1B.	Leaflet linear, smaller than 2 cm width.
4A.	Leaf blade split near to base, 0 5 mm from base.	4. R. vidalii
4B.	Leaf blade split to1 cm or more from base.
5A.	Small tree, shorter than 1.5 m, female flower 2 mm long.	5. R. puhuongensis
5B.	Big tree, 6 m tall, female 4 mm long.	6. R. humilis

3.4. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF LIVISTONA IN VIETNAM

1A.	Fruit globose.
2A.	Inflorescence erect, longer than leaves.	1. L. halongensis
2B.	Inflorescence pendulous, shorter or as long as leaves.
3A.	Fruit bright blue, 1-1,5 cm in diameter; inflorescence panicle.	2. L. saribus
3B.	Fruit bright red to black when mature, 2 cm in diameter; inflorescence raceme.	3. L. rotundifolia
1B.	Fruit elliptic.
4A.	Fruit 1-1,5 × 0,8-1 cm; tip of leaflets diveded into 10-15 cm, pendulous.	4. L. chinensis
4B.	Fruit 2-3 × 1-1,5 cm; tip of leaflets divided into 2 cm, erect.	5. L. jenkinsiana

3.5. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF LICUALA IN VIETNAM

1A.	Flower pedicell.
2A.	Partial inflorescence 1 rachilla.
3A.	Flowers solitary, spirally aranged in rachilla, fruit globose.	1. L. radula
3B.	Flowers borne in dyad, fruit round ellipitic.	2. L. cattienensis
2B.	Partial inflorescence branch many oders.
4A.	Rachilla palmate.
5A.	Inflorescence 1-2 m long; leaflets more than 40 cm long.	3. L. spinosa
5B.	Inflorencence 50 cm long; leaflest 40 cm long.	4. L. robinsoniana
4B.	Rachilla pinnate.
6A.	Rachilla glabrous.
7A.	Inflorescence branch into 5 partials, flower pedicell 1 mm long.	5. L. glaberrima
7B.	Inflorescence 1 partial; flower pedicell 2-4 mm long.	6. L. atroviridis
6B.	Rachilla tomentose.
8A.	Flower longer than 6 mm.	7. L. longifolia
8B.	Flower shorter than 6 mm.
9A.	Stem shorter than 0,5 m.	8. L. acaulis
9B.	Stem longer than 0,5 m.
10A.	Leaved divided in to 3-4 segments.
11A.	Fruit globose; flower borne in triad.	9. L. magalonii
11B.	Fruit elliptic; flower solitary (dyad).	10. L. ellipsoidalis
10B.	Leaves divided in to more than 12 segments.
12A.	Flowers solitary.
13A.	Corolla glabrous.	11. L. bidoupensis
13B.	Corolla appressed hair.	12. L. averyanovii
12B.	Flower borne in dyad or triad.
14A.	Stem cluster, leaflets 40-45 cm long.	13. L. centralis
14B.	Stem solitary, leaflets 63-64 cm long.	14. L. bachmaensis
1B.	Flower sessile.
15A.	Inflorescence not branch.	15. L. tonkinensis
15B.	Inflorescence branch.
16A.	Blade divide into teeth.	16. L. grandis
16B.	Blade divided into segments.
17A.	Inflorescence had 1 partial.
18A.	Calyx 6 lobed.
19A.	Rachilla pinnate.	17. L. hexasepala
19B.	Rachilla palmate.	18. L. calciphila
18B.	Calyx 3 lobed.	19. L. manglaensis
17B.	Inflorescence branch 2 partials.
20A.	Rachilla glabrous.	20. L. paludosa
​20B.	Rachilla tomentosa.
21A.	Flowers in 8-10 rows on rachilla.	21. L. dasyantha
21B.	Flowers spiral.
22A.	Flowers 8-11 mm long.	22. L. taynguyenensis
22B.	Flowers shorter than 6 mm.
23A.	Fruit elliptic.	23. L. bracteata
23B.	Fruit globose.	24. L. fatua

3.6. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CORYPHA IN VIETNAM

1A.	Fruit 1.5-3 cm in diameter, pedicell 4 mm; stem covered with spiral leaf scars.	1. C. utan
1B.	Fruit 4 cm in diameter or more, sessile or pedicell shorter than 1 mm; stem cover round leaf scars.	2. C. lecomtei

3.7. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CHUNIOPHOENIX IN VIETNAM

Inflorescence branch in 0-1 oders; fruit with apical stigmatic remain.

1. C. nana

3.8. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF PHOENIX IN VIETNAM

1A.	Leaflets arranged in many planes.
2A.	Leaflets concolour, 50-130 leaflest on each side.
3A.	Fruit 4-7 cm long, stem 30 m hight.	1. P. dactylifera
3B.	Fruit 0.9-1.8 cm long, stem 1-5 m hight.	2. P. loureirii
2B.	Leaflets discolor, 34 leaflets on each side.	3. P. paludosa
1B.	Leaflets arranged in one plane.
4A.	Fruits bright yellow orange when mature, 80-130 leaflets on each side	4. P. reclinata
4B.	Fruit black green to purple brown when mature, 25-50 leaflets on each side.	5. P. roebelenii

3.9. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF BORASSUS IN VIETNAM

Bracts connate to form large pits.

1. B. flabellifer

3.10. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF METROXYLON IN VIETNAM

Flowers in dyads of hermaphroditic and staminate flower.

1. M. sagu

3.11. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF KORTHALSIA IN VIETNAM

Hermaphroditic.

1. K. laciniosa

3.12. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF SALACCA IN VIETNAM

Fruit covered irregular vertical rows.

1. S. edulis

3.13. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF DAEMONOROPS IN VIETNAM

1A.	No climbing organs.	1. D. nuichuaensis
1B.	Cirrus.
2A.	Prophyll of inflorescence enclosing all subsequent bracts, splitting and persisting beyond anthesis.
3A.	Big stem, 50 m long, prophyll pubescent.	2. D. jenkinsiana
3B.	Small stem, 7-10 m tall, prophyll glabrous.	3. D. fissilis
2B.	Prophyll of inflorescence not enclosing all subsequent bracts, splitting and falling at anthesis.
4A.	Leaflets regularly aranged; inflorescence longer than 1 m; fruit elliptic.	4. D. mollispina
4B.	Leaflets strongly group; inflorescence ca 65 cm long; fruit globose.	5. D. poilanei

3.14. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CALAMUS IN VIETNAM

1A.	No climbing organs (flagellum or cirrus).
2A.	Leaflets on many planes.
3A.	Stem very short.	1. C. acaulis
3B.	Stem more than 1 m long.
4A.	Climbing stem, leaflets 5-10 cm long. Fruit globose.	2. C. salicifolius
4B.	Erect stem, leaflets 30-70 cm long. Fruit ovate or braod elliptic.	3. C. thysanolepis
2B.	Leaflets in one plane.
5A.	Leaflets shorter than 40 cm. Sheath spines in worls.	4. C. modestus
5B.	Leaflets longer than 50 cm. Sheath spines scattered.	5. C. dongnaiensis
1B.	Flagellum or cirrus.
6A.	Cirrus (sheath withour flagellum).
7A.	Leaflets in group at least in upper of rachis.
8A.	Fruit ovate. Terminal pair of leaflets connated.	6. C. platyacanthoides
8B.	Fruit elliptic or nearly globose. Terminal pair of leaflets free.
9A.	Fruit 2,5 × 2 cm; leaflets longer than 40 cm.	7. C. nambariensis
9B.	Fruit 0,7-1,2 × 0,7-1 cm; leaflets shorter than 40 cm.	8a. C. palustris var. cochinchinensis
7B.	Leaflets regularly aranged.
10A.	Pistillate flower pedicell.	9. C. ceratophorus
10B.	Pistillate flower sessile.
11A.	Sheath unarmed.	10. C. lateralis
11B.	Sheath armed.
12A.	Sheath spines scattered, 2 cm long.	11. C. centralis
12B.	Sheath spines in groups or wols, shorter than 1 cm.	12. C. spiralis
6B.	Flagellum (rachis without cirrus).
13A.	Primary inflorescence bracts lacking clawed spines.	13. C. tenuis
13B.	Primary inflorescence bracts armed with clawed spines.
14A.	Primary inflorescence bracts strongly lacerate in to persistent fibers at maturity.
15A.	Fruit globose, leaflest in groups.	14. C. henryanus
15B.	Fruit ovate or elliptic, leaflets regularly aranged.
16A.	Fruit 2,7-3 × 1,8 cm, terminal pair of leaflets free.	15. C. flagellum
16B.	Fruit 1,8 × 1,2 cm, terminal pair of leaflets connated.	16. C. rudentum
14B.	Primary inflorescence bracts entire or chipped and coarsely tattered at maturity.
17A.	Sheath spines in wholrs, longer than 4 cm, sometimes 10 cm.	17. C. rhabdocladus
17B.	Sheath spines solitary, sometimes in groups of 4-5 spines but not in wholrs, usually shorter than 3 cm.
18A.	Leaflest broad oval or rhomboid; lateral vains terminated in margin.	18. C. bousigonii
18B.	Leaflest linear, lanceolate, oblong, lateral vains terminated in apical.
19A.	Leaflets regularly aranged.
20A.	Leaflets lanceolate, shorter than 14 cm.	19. C. acanthospathus
20B.	Leaflets linear or oblong, longer than 14 cm.
21A.	4-6 leaflets on each side; sheath spines crowded.	20. C. bachmaensis
21B.	More than 4-6 leaflets on each side; sheath scattered or in groups.
22A.	Male inflorescence branch into 3 oders, fruit ovate, 2 × 1,4 cm, sheath spines in groups of 4-5 spines.	21. C. poilanei
22B.	Male inflorescence branch into 2 oders, fruit elliptic, 0,9-1,1 × 0,7-0,8 cm, sheath spines scattered.	22. C. walkeri
19B.	Leaflets in groups.
23A.	Inflorescence not flagellum.	23. C. crispus
23B.	Inflorescence flagellum.
24A.	Leaflets in many planes.	24. C. viminalis
24B.	Leaflets in one plane.
25A.	Sheath spines stiff, scattered, ocrea without hispid or spines.
26A.	5-6 leaflest on each side, in distanlly pairs.	25. C. kontumensis
26B.	14-27 leaflets on each side, in groups of 2-4 leaflets.	27. C. tetradactylus
25B.	Sheath spines soft, needle like, ocrea hispid.	27. C. dioicus

3.15. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF MYRIALEPIS IN VIETNAM

Staminate flower borned in group of 8 flowers, sheath armed whith neat whorls of spines.

1. M. paradosa

3.16. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF PLECTOCOMIOPSIS IN VIETNAM

Staminate flower borned in group of 32 flowers, sheath armed whith scattered spines.

1. P. geminiflora

3.17. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF PLECTOCOMIA IN VIETNAM

1A.	Sheath spines in whorls; petiole 15-20 cm long; fruit 3 cm in diameter, apical of scale curved and hispid.	1. P. elongata
1B.	Sheath spines scaterred, petiole of upper leaves shorter than 3 cm; fruit smaller than 3 cm in diameter, apical compressed.	2. P. pierreana

3.18. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF NYPA IN VIETNAM

Inflorescence terminated by pistillate head, filaments united in column.

1. N. fruticans

3.19. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF HYOPHORBE IN VIETNAM

Inflorescence not terminated by pistillate head, filaments not united in column.

1. H. lagenicaulis

3.20. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CHAMAEDOREA IN VIETNAM

1A.	Corolla in tube.	1. C. elegans
1B.	Petals free.	2. C. seifrizii

3.21. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CARYOTA IN VIETNAM

1A.	Cluster stems; inflorescence shorter than1 m; rachillae less than 80 per inflorescence, flowers purpule to maroon.
2A.	Inflorescence with 1-3 rachillae.	1. C. monostachya
2B.	Inflorescence more than 3 rachillae.
3A.	Stamens 12-24.	2. C. mitis
3B.	Stamens 80-100.	3. C. sympelata
1B.	Solitary stem; inflorescence longer than 1 m; rachillae more than 80 per inflorescence, flowers yellowish, rarely reddish brown to purpule.
4A.	Leaves bone along upper half of stem; primary pinnate pendulous; 1-seeded.	4. C. maxima
4B.	Leaves borne in a croen at top of stem; primary pinnae spreading; 2-seeded.	5. C. obtusa

3.22. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ARENGA IN VIETNAM

1A.	Inflorescence in terminal, not branched.	1. A. caudata
1B.	Inflorescence interfolia, branched 1 oders.	2. A. westerhoutii

3.23. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF WALLICHIA IN VIETNAM

Calyx of staminate flowers tube.

1. W. gracilis

3.24. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF COCOS IN VIETNAM

Rachilla without deep pits; inflorescences on the sheath or infrafolia.

1. C. nucifera

3.25. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ELAEIS IN VIETNAM

Rachilla had deep pits; inflorescences interfolia.

1. E. guineensis

3.26. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF DYPSIS IN VIETNAM

1A.	Solitary stem; leaflets in many planes.	1. D. pinnatifrons
1B.	Cluster stem; leaflets in one plane.	2. D. lutescens

3.27. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ROYSTONEA IN VIETNAM

Corolla tubular, inflorescences interfolia.

1. R. regia

3.28. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF VEITCHIA IN VIETNAM

Stem solitary, filaments united at base.

1. V. merrillii

3.29. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF PTYCHOSPERMA IN VIETNAM

Stem clustered, filaments arrange in whorls.

1. P. macarthuri

3.30. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CYRTOSTACHYS IN VIETNAM

Rachilla had pits.

1. C. renda

3.31. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF PINANGA IN VIETNAM

1A.	Inflorescences not branch.
2A.	Sepals and petals of pistillate flowers enlardge.	1. P. kontumensis
2B.	Sepals and petals of pistillate flowers connate or imbricate.
3A.	Sepals of pistillate flowers free.	2. P. baviensis
3A.	Calyx of pistillate cupulate.	3. P. cupularis
1B.	Inflorescence branch.
4A.	Inflorescences interfolia.
5A.	Triads spiraly arrange along the rachilla, 9-13 leaflets in one side.	4. P. cattienensis
5B.	Triads arrange along the rachilla, 5-7 leaflets in one side.	5. P. humilis
4B.	Inflorescences infrafolia.
​6A.	Stigma 3 lobes.	6. P. quadrijuga
6B.	Stigma dish like.
7A.	Corolla of pistillate flower 3 lobes.
8A.	Inflorescences expand; leaflets 20-21 on one side, linear.	7. P. declinata
8B.	Inflorescences pendulous; lefleats 8-12 on one side, falcate.	8. P. annamensis
7B.	Corolla of pistillate flower reduced.
9A.	Triads arranged in 2 sides of rachilla.	9. P. sylvestris
9B.	Triads arranged spirally on rachilla.	10. P. cochinchinensis

3.32. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF NENGA IN VIETNAM

Inflorescence branch in 1 oders, staminode 0 or very small.

1. N. banaensis

3.33. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ARECA IN VIETNAM

1A.	Staments 6. Staminate flowers arrange 2 rows in rachilla.
2A.	Fruit ovoid, fibrous; stem 10-30 m hight, 15-20 cm in diameter.	1. A. catechu
2B.	Fruit nearly rhombus; stem 2-6 m hight, 2-3 cm in diameter.	2. A. laosensis
1B.	Staments 3. Staminate flowers arrange 2 rows in one side of rachilla.	3. A. triandra

3.34. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ONCOSPERMA IN VIETNAM

Stem armed with spine.

1. O. tigillaria

3.35. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF THRINAX IN VIETNAM

Gynoecium unilocular.

1. T. parviflora

3.36. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF WASHINGTONIA IN VIETNAM

Gynoecium trilocular.

1. W. filifera

3.37. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF SYAGRUS IN VIETNAM

Gynoecium trilocular, triovulate; endocarp with basal pores

S. flexuosa

3.38. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF NEPHROSPERMA IN VIETNAM

Gynoecium unilocular (rarely trilocular); uniovulate; endocarp without pores.

1. N. vanhoutteana

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